Exposure Characterization of Haloacetic Acids in Humans for Exposure and Risk Assessment Applications: An Exploratory Study

Disinfected water is the major source of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in humans, but their inter- and intra-individual variability for exposure and risk assessment applications is under-researched. Thus, we measured HAAs in cross-sectional and longitudinal urine and water specimens from 17 individuals. Five regulated HAAs—mono, di, and trichloroacetic acid (MCAA, DCAA, and TCAA) and mono- and dibromoacetic acid (MBAA and DBAA)—and one unregulated HAA—bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA)—were measured. Urinary DCAA, MBAA, DBAA, and BCAA levels were always below the limits of detection (LOD). Measured levels and interindividual variability of urinary MCAA were higher than urinary TCAA. Longitudinal urinary specimens showed MCAA levels peaked in after-shower specimens, while TCAA levels remain unchanged. Correlation between urinary MCAA and TCAA was moderate but statistically significant. The prevalence of MCAA and TCAA in urine suggest they can be considered as biomarkers of HAA. Peak urinary MCAA in post-shower specimens suggest MCAA captures short-term exposure via dermal and/or inhalation, while urinary TCAA captures long-term exposure via ingestion. However, further research is warranted in a large pool of participants to test the reliability of MCAA as exposure biomarker.

Download Full-text

A Caution for Monte Carlo Risk Assessment of Long Term Exposures based on Short-Term Exposure Study Data

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal ◽

10.1080/10807039891284398 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 409-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Edward J. Stanek ◽

Edward J. Calabrese ◽

Limin Xu

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Study Data ◽

Short Term ◽

Exposure Study ◽

Short Term Exposure

Download Full-text

Short-term exposure and long-term consequences of neonatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and ibuprofen in mice

Behavioural Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 307 ◽

pp. 137-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Gaëtan Philippot ◽

Fred Nyberg ◽

Torsten Gordh ◽

Anders Fredriksson ◽

Henrik Viberg

Keyword(s):

Neonatal Exposure ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Long Term Consequences

Download Full-text

Determinants of Anthropometric Failure Among Tribal Children Younger than 5 Years of Age in Palghar, Maharashtra, India

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0379572120970836 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 55-64

Author(s):

Angeline Jeyakumar ◽

Swapnil Godbharle ◽

Bibek Raj Giri

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Composite Index ◽

Z Score ◽

Short Term ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Crude Odds Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Child Undernutrition

Background: Measuring undernutrition using composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and identifying its determinants in tribal regions is essential to recognize the true burden of undernutrition in these settings. Objective: To determine anthropometric failure and its determinants among tribal children younger than 5 years in Palghar, Maharashtra, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey employing CIAF was performed in children <5 years to estimate undernutrition in the tribal district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India. Anthropometric measurements, maternal and child characteristics were recorded from 577 mother–child pairs in 9 villages. Results: As per Z score, prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight were 48%, 13%, and 43%, respectively. According to CIAF, 66% of children had at least one manifestation of undernutrition and 40% had more than one manifestation of undernutrition. Odds of anthropometric failure were 1.5 times higher among children of mothers who were illiterate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.57, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), children who had birth weight >2.5 kg had lesser odds (AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9) of anthropometric failure, and children who had initiated early breastfeeding had 1.5 times higher odds of anthropometric failure (crude odds ratio: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1). However, when adjusted for other independent variables, the results were not significant. Conclusion: The alarming proportion of anthropometric failure among tribal children calls for urgent short-term interventions to correct undernutrition and long-term interventions to improve maternal literacy and awareness to prevent and manage child undernutrition.

Download Full-text

Spatio-temporal associations of air pollutant concentrations, GP respiratory consultations and respiratory inhaler prescriptions: a 5-year study of primary care in the borough of Lambeth, South London

Environmental Health ◽

10.1186/s12940-021-00730-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mark Ashworth ◽

◽

Antonis Analitis ◽

David Whitney ◽

Evangelia Samoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Respiratory Morbidity ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background Although the associations of outdoor air pollution exposure with mortality and hospital admissions are well established, few previous studies have reported on primary care clinical and prescribing data. We assessed the associations of short and long-term pollutant exposures with General Practitioner respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions. Methods Daily primary care data, for 2009–2013, were obtained from Lambeth DataNet (LDN), an anonymised dataset containing coded data from all patients (1.2 million) registered at general practices in Lambeth, an inner-city south London borough. Counts of respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions by day and Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) of residence were constructed. We developed models for predicting daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O3 per LSOA. We used spatio-temporal mixed effects zero inflated negative binomial models to investigate the simultaneous short- and long-term effects of exposure to pollutants on the number of events. Results The mean concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 over the study period were 50.7, 21.2, 15.6, and 49.9 μg/m3 respectively, with all pollutants except NO2 having much larger temporal rather than spatial variability. Following short-term exposure increases to PM10, NO2 and PM2.5 the number of consultations and inhaler prescriptions were found to increase, especially for PM10 exposure in children which was associated with increases in daily respiratory consultations of 3.4% and inhaler prescriptions of 0.8%, per PM10 interquartile range (IQR) increase. Associations further increased after adjustment for weekly average exposures, rising to 6.1 and 1.2%, respectively, for weekly average PM10 exposure. In contrast, a short-term increase in O3 exposure was associated with decreased number of respiratory consultations. No association was found between long-term exposures to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 and number of respiratory consultations. Long-term exposure to NO2 was associated with an increase (8%) in preventer inhaler prescriptions only. Conclusions We found increases in the daily number of GP respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions following short-term increases in exposure to NO2, PM10 and PM2.5. These associations are more pronounced in children and persist for at least a week. The association with long term exposure to NO2 and preventer inhaler prescriptions indicates likely increased chronic respiratory morbidity.

Download Full-text

Risk Assessment: Short-Term Exposure at Various Ages

Phenotypic Variation in Populations ◽

10.1007/978-1-4684-5460-4_17 ◽

1988 ◽

pp. 173-176

Author(s):

David W. Gaylor

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure

Download Full-text

(M,β)-Stability of Positive Linear Systems

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2016/9605464 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Octavian Pastravanu ◽

Mihaela-Hanako Matcovschi

Keyword(s):

Linear System ◽

Linear Systems ◽

Transient Behavior ◽

Short Term ◽

Time Dynamics ◽

The Right ◽

Long Term Behavior ◽

Stability Concept

The main purpose of this work is to show that the Perron-Frobenius eigenstructure of a positive linear system is involved not only in the characterization of long-term behavior (for which well-known results are available) but also in the characterization of short-term or transient behavior. We address the analysis of the short-term behavior by the help of the “(M,β)-stability” concept introduced in literature for general classes of dynamics. Our paper exploits this concept relative to Hölder vectorp-norms,1≤p≤∞, adequately weighted by scaling operators, focusing on positive linear systems. Given an asymptotically stable positive linear system, for each1≤p≤∞, we prove the existence of a scaling operator (built from the right and left Perron-Frobenius eigenvectors, with concrete expressions depending onp) that ensures the best possible values for the parametersMandβ, corresponding to an “ideal” short-term (transient) behavior. We provide results that cover both discrete- and continuous-time dynamics. Our analysis also captures the differences between the cases where the system dynamics is defined by matrices irreducible and reducible, respectively. The theoretical developments are applied to the practical study of the short-term behavior for two positive linear systems already discussed in literature by other authors.

Download Full-text

Association Between Past Oral Contraceptive Use and the Prevalence of Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women: The Fifth (2010–2012) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V)

10.21203/rs.3.rs-257418/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

JungJu Lee ◽

Hyunsuk Jeong ◽

Joo Hee Yoon ◽

Hyeon Woo Yim

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

National Health ◽

Contraceptive Use ◽

Confounding Factors ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Short Term ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition

Abstract Background: There is little evidence as to whether the use of oral contraceptives(OC) during the fertile years affects the development of postmenopausal hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of past use of OC on the development of hypertension in postmenopausal women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted using data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of postmenopausal women. Subjects were classified into three groups based on past OC use duration: nonusers, short-term users(0–30months), and long-term users(≥30 months). We evaluated the development of hypertension in women after menopause. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the association between the use of OC during the fertile years and the prevalence of hypertension after menopause following adjustment for potential confounding factors. Results: Of the 3,386 postmenopausal women, 2,713 were nonusers of OC, 489 were short-term users, and 184 were long-term users. Women who had used OC for 30 months or more had a significantly greater prevalence of hypertension after menopause than those who had never taken OC. The association between taking OC for 30 months or more during the fertile years and the prevalence of hypertension after menopause was significant following adjustment for potential confounding factors (aOR:1.92; 95%CI:1.22–3.00). Conclusion: This study identified an association between past OC use and an increased prevalence of hypertension in postmenopausal women. Our results suggest that long-term use of OC during the fertile years can be an important risk factor for subsequent hypertension after menopause.

Download Full-text

Effects of Long-Term Triclosan Exposure on Microbiota in Zebrafish

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.604313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ning Tang ◽

Pianpian Fan ◽

Xiaogang Yu ◽

Rui Ma ◽

Yexuan Tao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Early Adulthood ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Adult Zebrafish ◽

Short Term ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Embryonic Life ◽

A Minor

Background: Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antibacterial agent in personal care products and is ubiquitous in the environment. We aimed to examine whether TCS exposure affects microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish.Methods: After exposure to TCS 0 (Dimethyl Sulphoxide, DMSO control), 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 100, and 300ng/ml, respectively, from day 0 to 120days post fertilization (dpf), or for 7days in adult 4-month zebrafish, the long- and short-term impact of TCS exposure on the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by analyzing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing.Results: The top two most dominant microbiota phyla were Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria phylum in all zebrafish groups. In TCS exposure 0–120 dpf, compared with DMSO control, the mean number of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 54.46 lower (p<0.0001), Chao indice 41.40 lower (p=0.0004), and Ace indice 34.10 lower (p=0.0044) in TCS 300ng/ml group, but no change was observed in most of the other TCS concentrations. PCoA diagram showed that the microbial community in the long-term TCS 300ng/ml exposure group clustered differently from those in the DMSO control and other TCS exposure groups. A shorter body length of the zebrafish was observed in the long-term TCS exposure at 0.03, 100, and 300ng/ml. For 7-day short-term exposure in adult zebrafish, no difference was observed in alpha or beta diversity of microbiota nor the relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Fusobacteria phylum among DMSO control and any TCS levels, but a minor difference in microbial composition was observed for TCS exposure.Conclusions: Long-term exposure to high TCS concentration in a window from early embryonic life to early adulthood may reduce diversity and alter the composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of short-term TCS exposure was not observed on the diversity of microbiota but there was a minor change of microbial composition in adult zebrafish with TCS exposure.

Download Full-text