Secondary alveolar bone graft in incomplete unilateral pre-foramen fissure: case report

Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common facial deformities. During embryonic life, non-fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal plaques leads to cleft lip and palate. Fissures can produce a range of dental problems in terms of number, size, shape, and position, related to deciduous or permanent dentition. Besides this, the teeth most affected are those located in the fissure area. There are numerous treatment protocols, which, despite the lack of a consensus, start as soon as the child is born, going into adulthood, seeking functional and aesthetic rehabilitation. The surgical phases, lip repair, nasal repair, palatoplasty and alveolar bone grafting, are performed according to age. As for the bone graft, the most used option is the secondary graft, with the autogenous one being the most available. Thus, the objective of this work is to present a clinical case of secondary alveolar bone grafting in a 10-year-old female patient with an incomplete unilateral pre-foramen cleft.

Case series on mullerian anomalies incidence during caesarean section over one year period

Congenital uterine anomalies occur due to abnormal fusion of Mullerian duct during embryonic life. It is associated with high incidences of reproductive failures and adverse obstetrical outcomes. It may be associated with malpresentation, preterm labour or recurrent pregnancy losses. The association of congenital anomalies and early pregnancy loss has been well established but its adverse effect on late pregnancy in form of malpresentation, preterm deliveries has not yet been elaborated. Hence, this case series aimed to summarize the incidence and perinatal outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital uterine anomalies undergoing cesarean section. This was a case series which was conducted on women who underwent cesarean section at P. C. Sethi hospital, Indore between time period of October 2020 to September 2021. Out of total 1835 cesarean undergoing patients, 12 patients were found to have uterine anomalies. Out of 12 patients, 9 (75%) patients were associated with malpresentation, 4 (33.3%) patients had preterm delivery and 6 (50%) patients had low birth weight babies. Hence it can be said that women with congenital uterine anomalies were at higher incidence of malpresentation and preterm deliveries. Presence of congenital uterine anomalies were associated with adverse obstetrical outcome. This knowledge warrants the need for a larger case control study to extrapolate these findings to the general population and also to recommend the need for universal prenatal screening for uterine anomalies to improve the obstetrical and perinatal outcome in patients with uterine anomalies.

The Phosphorylated Form of the Histone H2AX (γH2AX) in the Brain from Embryonic Life to Old Age

The γ phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX (γH2AX) was described more than 40 years ago and it was demonstrated that phosphorylation of H2AX was one of the first cellular responses to DNA damage. Since then, γH2AX has been implicated in diverse cellular functions in normal and pathological cells. In the first part of this review, we will briefly describe the intervention of H2AX in the DNA damage response (DDR) and its role in some pivotal cellular events, such as regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, genomic instability, cell growth, mitosis, embryogenesis, and apoptosis. Then, in the main part of this contribution, we will discuss the involvement of γH2AX in the normal and pathological central nervous system, with particular attention to the differences in the DDR between immature and mature neurons, and to the significance of H2AX phosphorylation in neurogenesis and neuronal cell death. The emerging picture is that H2AX is a pleiotropic molecule with an array of yet not fully understood functions in the brain, from embryonic life to old age.

Anatomical Variation in the Fissurization of Lung with Embryological and Clinical correlations- A Case Report

Lungs are paired conical organs present in the thoracic cavity, which are responsible for gaseous exchange for oxygenation of blood. Both the lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. The right lung is divided into upper, middle and lower lobes by two fissures. The fissures are horizontal and oblique fissure whereas the left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by oblique fissure. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobe by oblique fissure. Both the lungs have ten bronchopulmonary segments (structurally separate and functionally independent units). Embryological evidence showed that the lungs developed from the endodermal counterpart of the foregut. Around 22 days of embryonic period, diverticulum are develop, then between 26-28 days lung buds develop. The right bronchial buds and left bronchial buds are branched into secondary and tertiary buds at 5th and 6th week of embryonic life consecutively. During routine anatomy dissection and demonstration in the Department of Anatomy, a 50 year old male cadaver showed anatomical variation in the right lung. The present study observed that the right lung showed partial horizontal fissure. The reason for partial or incomplete fissure formation is due to incomplete or absence of obliteration of prenatal fissure which indicates partial fusion of lobes, generally fissures separating the broncho-pulmonary segments in prenatal life. The reports says that incomplete fissures of the lung may lead to spread of infection like pneumonia to adjacent lobe and collapse in endobronchial lesions and gradation of the fissures of the lungs are very important for lung surgeries. The present study concludes that the knowledge of anatomical variation of lung is of utmost important in the field of pulmonary medicine.

Effects of Long-Term Triclosan Exposure on Microbiota in Zebrafish

Background: Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antibacterial agent in personal care products and is ubiquitous in the environment. We aimed to examine whether TCS exposure affects microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish.Methods: After exposure to TCS 0 (Dimethyl Sulphoxide, DMSO control), 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 100, and 300ng/ml, respectively, from day 0 to 120days post fertilization (dpf), or for 7days in adult 4-month zebrafish, the long- and short-term impact of TCS exposure on the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by analyzing 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing.Results: The top two most dominant microbiota phyla were Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria phylum in all zebrafish groups. In TCS exposure 0–120 dpf, compared with DMSO control, the mean number of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 54.46 lower (p<0.0001), Chao indice 41.40 lower (p=0.0004), and Ace indice 34.10 lower (p=0.0044) in TCS 300ng/ml group, but no change was observed in most of the other TCS concentrations. PCoA diagram showed that the microbial community in the long-term TCS 300ng/ml exposure group clustered differently from those in the DMSO control and other TCS exposure groups. A shorter body length of the zebrafish was observed in the long-term TCS exposure at 0.03, 100, and 300ng/ml. For 7-day short-term exposure in adult zebrafish, no difference was observed in alpha or beta diversity of microbiota nor the relative abundance of Proteobacteria or Fusobacteria phylum among DMSO control and any TCS levels, but a minor difference in microbial composition was observed for TCS exposure.Conclusions: Long-term exposure to high TCS concentration in a window from early embryonic life to early adulthood may reduce diversity and alter the composition of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract. The effect of short-term TCS exposure was not observed on the diversity of microbiota but there was a minor change of microbial composition in adult zebrafish with TCS exposure.

The developmental origins of Notch-driven intrahepatic bile duct disorders

ABSTRACT The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of cell–cell communication that mediates cellular proliferation, cell fate specification, and maintenance of stem and progenitor cell populations. In the vertebrate liver, an absence of Notch signaling results in failure to form bile ducts, a complex tubular network that radiates throughout the liver, which, in healthy individuals, transports bile from the liver into the bowel. Loss of a functional biliary network through congenital malformations during development results in cholestasis and necessitates liver transplantation. Here, we examine to what extent Notch signaling is necessary throughout embryonic life to initiate the proliferation and specification of biliary cells and concentrate on the animal and human models that have been used to define how perturbations in this signaling pathway result in developmental liver disorders.

Morphological Study of Splenic Notches and Fissures

Introduction: Spleen is the largest and secondary lymphoid organ in humans. It has two ends: Anterior and Posterior end. Two surfaces: Visceral and Diaphragmatic surfaces. Three borders: Superior, Inferior and Intermediate. Spleen begins to develop during the 5th week of intra-uterine life from a mass of mesenchymal cells, originating in the dorsal mesogastrium as a localized thickening of coelomic epithelium. The spleen is lobulated in foetus but the lobules normally disappear before birth. The imperfect fusion of splenic masses during embryonic life results in an accessory spleen. The spleen plays a vital role in regard to blood storage, formation of lymphocyte and defense against foreign particles. Materials and methods: The study was carried out in 50 formalin fixed spleen from the Department of Anatomy, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurantakam Taluk, Chengalpet Dt, Tamilnadu, India. Results: Out of 50 spleens, Wedge shape is seen in 33 spleens, Triangular shape is observed in 5 spleens, tetrahedral in 7 spleens, oval shape in 3 spleens, and dome-shaped in 2 spleen. The splenic notches were observed in the superior border in 44 spleens (88%) and notch seen in the inferior border in 4 spleens (8%) and the absence of a notch in both the superior and inferior border noted in 2 spleens (4%). The number of notches on the superior border is from 1 to 4 and the number of notches on the inferior border is 1. Fissures noted in 8 spleens (16%). In 5 specimens fissures extended to reach the visceral surface. Conclusion: The presence of abnormal fissures and lobes of the spleen might confuse the radiologists. Abnormal lobulation might cause misinterpretation as mass originating from the kidney. It is essential for surgeons and radiologists to be aware of the splenic variations. KEY WORDS: splenic surfaces, shapes, notches, fissures.

How is the face formed and when it goes wrong: In relation to Cleft Lip/Palate

The normal development of the face relies upon the correct morphogenesis of structures in utero that usually occurs within the first trimester of embryonic life. The face is a very complex structure involving many genes and factors and with it being such a crucial part of life, both physically and aesthetically and therefore mentally, its important for everything to be just right. However, when the normal process doesn’t go to plan this results in dysmorphogenesis, which cleft lip and palate (CLP) is an example of as the lip/palate doesn’t fuse together and the infant is left with a gap. Although the exact cause of CLP is unknown, it is thought to be a mixture of genetics, environment and the teratogens the mothers are exposed to within the environment. This report will demonstrate the normal development of the face for the purpose of understanding how it goes wrong, resulting in CLP. Since there is still a lot to be understood about CLP it will also shed light on recent advances in relating SHH and certain genes as a possible cause for this dysmorphogenesis. The report will also briefly look at the relation of CLP with the genes associated with syndromic and non-syndromic diseases and the different types of CLP. There are many other facial defects that are a result of dysmorphogenesis, however as CLP is one of the most common yet poorly understood facial defect, it will be the main focus of this report.

A transgenic system for targeted ablation of reproductive and maternal-effect genes

ABSTRACT Maternally provided gene products regulate the earliest events of embryonic life, including formation of the oocyte that will develop into an egg, and eventually into an embryo. Forward genetic screens have provided invaluable insights into the molecular regulation of embryonic development, including the essential contributions of some genes whose products must be provided to the transcriptionally silent early embryo for normal embryogenesis, called maternal-effect genes. However, other maternal-effect genes are not accessible due to their essential zygotic functions during embryonic development. Identifying these regulators is essential to fill the large gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms and molecular pathways contributing to fertility and to maternally regulated developmental processes. To identify these maternal factors, it is necessary to bypass the earlier requirement for these genes so that their potential later functions can be investigated. Here, we report reverse genetic systems to identify genes with essential roles in zebrafish reproductive and maternal-effect processes. As proof of principle and to assess the efficiency and robustness of mutagenesis, we used these transgenic systems to disrupt two genes with known maternal-effect functions: kif5ba and bucky ball.