scholarly journals The Contribution of Fluoride to the Pathogenesis of Eye Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Public Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Declan Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Hsp70 Expression ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

This study provides diverse lines of evidence demonstrating that fluoride (F) exposure contributes to degenerative eye diseases by stimulating or inhibiting biological pathways associated with the pathogenesis of cataract, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. As elucidated in this study, F exerts this effect by inhibiting enolase, τ-crystallin, Hsp40, Na+, K+-ATPase, Nrf2, γ -GCS, HO-1 Bcl-2, FoxO1, SOD, PON-1 and glutathione activity, and upregulating NF-κB, IL-6, AGEs, HsP27 and Hsp70 expression. Moreover, F exposure leads to enhanced oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant activity. Based on the evidence presented in this study, it can be concluded that F exposure may be added to the list of identifiable risk factors associated with pathogenesis of degenerative eye diseases. The broader impact of these findings suggests that reducing F intake may lead to an overall reduction in the modifiable risk factors associated with degenerative eye diseases. Further studies are required to examine this association and determine differences in prevalence rates amongst fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities, taking into consideration other dietary sources of F such as tea. Finally, the findings of this study elucidate molecular pathways associated with F exposure that may suggest a possible association between F exposure and other inflammatory diseases. Further studies are also warranted to examine these associations.

Protein Microarrays: Valuable Tools for Ocular Diseases Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (27) ◽  
pp. 4549-4566
Author(s):  
María Garranzo-Asensio ◽  
Ana Montero-Calle ◽  
Guillermo Solís-Fernández ◽  
Rodrigo Barderas ◽  
Ana Guzman-Aranguez
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Microarray ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Protein Microarrays ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Ocular Diseases ◽  
Age Related

: The eye is a complex organ comprised of several compartments with exclusive and specialized properties that reflect their diverse functions. Although the prevalence of eye pathologies is increasing, mainly because of its correlation with aging and of generalized lifestyle changes, the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of many common ocular diseases remain poorly understood. Therefore, there is an unmet need to delve into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of eye diseases to preserve ocular health and reduce the incidence of visual impairment or blindness. Proteomics analysis stands as a valuable tool for deciphering protein profiles related to specific ocular conditions. In turn, such profiles can lead to real breakthroughs in the fields of ocular science and ophthalmology. Among proteomics techniques, protein microarray technology stands out by providing expanded information using very small volumes of samples. : In this review, we present a brief summary of the main types of protein microarrays and their application for the identification of protein changes in chronic ocular diseases such as dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy. The validation of these specific protein alterations could provide new biomarkers, disclose eye diseases pathways, and help in the diagnosis and development of novel therapies for eye pathologies.

scholarly journals Dietary and lifestyle risk factors associated with age-related macular degeneration: A hospital based study

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baskaran Vallikannan ◽  
BangeraSheshappa Mamatha ◽  
Bhatiwada Nidhi ◽  
ChamrajnagarAnantharajiah Padmaprabhu ◽  
Prabhu Pallavi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lifestyle Risk

Time trends and heterogeneity in the disease burden of trachoma, 1990–2019: a global analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2021-319621
Author(s):  
Jingxin He ◽  
Aiming Chen ◽  
Minjie Zou ◽  
Charlotte Aimee Young ◽  
Ling Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
African Region ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Disease Study

PurposeTo evaluate the epidemiological trends and associated risk factors of disease burden due to trachoma.MethodsData for the country-specific disability-adjusted life year (DALY) number, rate and age-standardised rate of trachoma together with related data of other common eye diseases were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), Human Development Index (HDI), inequality-adjusted HDI and other related indices were obtained from published data or publicly available databases. Regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between potential risk factors and the age-standardised DALY burden of trachoma.ResultsThe global DALY burden due to trachoma decreased by 37% from 1990 to 2019 and decreased by 69.8% after adjusting for age and population growth, and, in available 1990–2019 data, had the greatest reduction in attributable DALYs of all common eye disease, with the others analysed being cataract, glaucoma, refractive disorders and age-related macular degeneration. Women had higher age-standardised DALY burden due to trachoma than men (p<0.001). The African region (p<0.001) had the heaviest burden among global regions. The age-standardised DALY rate was higher in countries with lower income (p<0.001) and lower SDI (p<0.001). Higher disease burden due to trachoma was associated with lower HDI (β=−48.102, 95% CI −86.888 to −9.316, p=0.016), lower SDI (β=−48.063, 95% CI −83.702 to −12.423, p<0.001) and lower expected years of schooling (β=−2.352, 95% CI −3.756 to −0.948, p=0.002).ConclusionsThe global disease burden due to trachoma decreased from 1990 to 2019 and it had the greatest reduction compared with other common eye diseases. Lower HDI, socioeconomic status and educational level were related to a higher national disease burden of trachoma. Our findings could provide necessary information for trachoma control and prevention.

scholarly journals The complement system in age-related macular degeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Armento ◽  
Marius Ueffing ◽  
Simon J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Complement System

AbstractAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of the retina, which culminates in blindness and affects mainly the elderly population. AMD pathogenesis and pathophysiology are incredibly complex due to the structural and cellular complexity of the retina, and the variety of risk factors and molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease onset and progression. AMD is driven by a combination of genetic predisposition, natural ageing changes and lifestyle factors, such as smoking or nutritional intake. The mechanism by which these risk factors interact and converge towards AMD are not fully understood and therefore drug discovery is challenging, where no therapeutic attempt has been fully effective thus far. Genetic and molecular studies have identified the complement system as an important player in AMD. Indeed, many of the genetic risk variants cluster in genes of the alternative pathway of the complement system and complement activation products are elevated in AMD patients. Nevertheless, attempts in treating AMD via complement regulators have not yet been successful, suggesting a level of complexity that could not be predicted only from a genetic point of view. In this review, we will explore the role of complement system in AMD development and in the main molecular and cellular features of AMD, including complement activation itself, inflammation, ECM stability, energy metabolism and oxidative stress.

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