scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in the Distribution of Chikungunya and Zika Virus Case Incidences during their 2014 to 2016 Epidemics in Barranquilla, Colombia

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. McHale ◽  
Claudia M. Romero-Vivas ◽  
Claudio Fronterre ◽  
Pedro Arango-Padilla ◽  
Naomi R. Waterlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Poisson Models ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Conditional Autoregressive ◽  
Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity ◽  
Conditional Autoregressive Models

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have recently emerged as globally important infections. This study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the occurrence of CHIKV and ZIKV outbreaks throughout the major international seaport city of Barranquilla, Colombia in 2014 and 2016 and the potential for clustering. Incidence data were fitted using multiple Bayesian Poisson models based on multiple explanatory variables as potential risk factors identified from other studies and options for random effects. A best fit model was used to analyse their case incidence risks and identify any risk factors during their epidemics. Neighbourhoods in the northern region were hotspots for both CHIKV and ZIKV outbreaks. Additional hotspots occurred in the southwestern and some eastern/southeastern areas during their outbreaks containing part of, or immediately adjacent to, the major circular city road with its import/export cargo warehouses and harbour area. Multivariate conditional autoregressive models strongly identified higher socioeconomic strata and living in a neighbourhood near a major road as risk factors for ZIKV case incidences. These findings will help to appropriately focus vector control efforts but also challenge the belief that these infections are driven by social vulnerability and merit further study both in Barranquilla and throughout the world’s tropical and subtropical regions.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in the Distribution of Chikungunya and Zika Virus Case Incidences and Risk Factors during their Epidemics in Barranquilla, Colombia, between 2014 and 2016: An Ecological Study.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C McHale ◽  
Claudia M Romero-Vivas ◽  
Claudio Fronterre ◽  
Pedro Arango-Padilla ◽  
Andrew K Falconar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have recently emerged as global infections with consequential disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic burden. This study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the occurrence of CHIKV and ZIKV outbreaks throughout Barranquilla, Colombia during 2014 and 2016 and explored the potential for clustering. Incidence data were fitted using multiple Bayesian Poisson models based on a suite of explanatory variables as potential risk factors and multiple options for random effects. A best fit model was used to analyse the case incidence risk for both epidemics to identify any risk factors during their epidemics. Neighbourhoods in the northern region of Barranquilla were hotspots for the outbreaks of both CHIKV and ZIKV. Additional hotspots occurred in the south-western and central regions of the CHIKV and ZIKV outbreaks, respectively. Multivariate conditional autoregressive models strongly identified higher socioeconomic strata (SES) and residing in detached houses as risk factors for ZIKV case incidences. These novel findings challenge the belief that these infections are driven by social vulnerability and merits further study both in Barranquilla and throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity in the Distribution of Chikungunya and Zika Virus Case Incidences and Risk Factors During Their Epidemics in Barranquilla, Colombia, between 2014 and 2016: An Ecological Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. McHale ◽  
Claudia M. Romero-Vivas ◽  
Claudio Fronterre ◽  
Pedro Arango-Padilla ◽  
Andrew K. Falconar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have recently emerged as global infections with consequential disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic burden. This study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the occurrence of CHIKV and ZIKV outbreaks throughout Barranquilla, Colombia during 2014 and 2016 and explored the potential for clustering. Incidence data were fitted using multiple Bayesian Poisson models based on a suite of explanatory variables as potential risk factors and multiple options for random effects. A best fit model was used to analyse the case incidence risk for both epidemics to identify any risk factors during their epidemics. Neighbourhoods in the northern region of Barranquilla were hotspots for the outbreaks of both CHIKV and ZIKV. Additional hotspots occurred in the south-western and central regions of the CHIKV and ZIKV outbreaks, respectively. Multivariate conditional autoregressive models strongly identified higher socioeconomic strata (SES) and residing in detached houses as risk factors for ZIKV case incidences. These novel findings challenge the belief that these infections are driven by social vulnerability and merits further study both in Barranquilla and throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. 

scholarly journals The Golden Retriever Lifetime Study: establishing an observational cohort study with translational relevance for human health

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1673) ◽  
pp. 20140230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. Guy ◽  
Rodney L. Page ◽  
Wayne A. Jensen ◽  
Patricia N. Olson ◽  
J. David Haworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Biological Sample ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Golden Retriever ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

The Golden Retriever Lifetime Study (GRLS) is the first prospective longitudinal study attempted in veterinary medicine to identify the major dietary, genetic and environmental risk factors for cancer and other important diseases in dogs. The GRLS is an observational study that will follow a cohort of 3000 purebred Golden Retrievers throughout their lives via annual online questionnaires from the dog owner and annual physical examinations and collection of biological samples by the primary care veterinarian. The field of comparative medicine investigating naturally occurring disorders in pets is specifically relevant to the many diseases that have a genetic basis for disease in both animals and humans, including cancer, blindness, metabolic and behavioural disorders and some neurodegenerative disorders. The opportunity for the GRLS to provide high-quality data for translational comparative medical initiatives in several disease categories is great. In particular, the opportunity to develop a lifetime dataset of lifestyle and activity, environmental exposure and diet history combined with simultaneous annual biological sample sets and detailed health outcomes will provide disease incidence data for this cohort of geographically dispersed dogs and associations with a wide variety of potential risk factors. The GRLS will provide a lifetime historical context, repeated biological sample sets and outcomes necessary to interrogate complex associations between genes and environmental influences and cancer.

scholarly journals Lyme disease in France: a primary care-based prospective study

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. LETRILLIART ◽  
B. RAGON ◽  
T. HANSLIK ◽  
A. FLAHAULT
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Erythema Migrans ◽  
National Level ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Salaried Workers ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

To estimate the incidence of Lyme borreliosis in France, describe its clinical presentations, and assess its potential risk factors, we conducted a nationwide prospective study in the French Sentinelles Network, consisting of 1178 general practitioners (GPs). Of these, 875 (74%), i.e. 1·6% of all French GPs, participated in the study from May 1999 to April 2000. Eighty-six cases of Lyme disease were reported and validated, of which 77 (90%) consisted of erythema migrans. At national level, the incidence was estimated at 9·4/100000 inhabitants. Compared to the French general population, Lyme disease patients were older (P<10−4), more were living in rural areas (P<10−3), and amongst the working population, more were farmers (P<10−3) and fewer, salaried workers (P<0·005). Cervidae density correlated strongly with the estimated regional incidence of Lyme disease (r=0·82). Both incidence data and identified risk factors can help to target measures for its prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals The incidence of very late-onset psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 1960–2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1775-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Stafford ◽  
Robert Howard ◽  
James B. Kirkbride
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Meta Analyses

A substantial subset of people with psychotic disorders are first diagnosed in old age, yet little is known about the epidemiology of very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. We investigated the incidence of affective and non-affective psychotic disorders in those aged 65 and above, and examined variation related to potential risk factors via systematic literature review. We searched PubMed, PsychInfo, Web of Science and bibliographies and directly contacted authors to obtain citations published between 1960 and 2016 containing (derivable) incidence data. Cases were those diagnosed with non-organic psychotic disorders after age 65. Findings were presented narratively, and random-effects meta-analyses were used to obtain pooled incidence rates. From 5687 citations, 41 met inclusion criteria. The pooled incidence of: affective psychoses was 30.9 per 100 000 person-years at risk (100 kpy) [95% confidence interval (CI) 11.5–83.4; I2 = 0.99], and schizophrenia was 7.5 per 100 kpy (95% CI 6.2–9.1; I2 = 0.99), with some evidence of higher schizophrenia rates in women [odds ratio (OR) = 1.6; 95% CI 1.0–2.5, p = 0.05]. We found narrative evidence of increasing incidence rates of non-affective psychoses with age, and higher rates amongst migrants than baseline populations, but no evidence that incidence varied by study quality or case ascertainment period (quality OR = 1.04; 95% CI 0.74–1.48; time period OR = 1.00; 95% CI 0.95–1.05). Substantial heterogeneity in the incidence of very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychoses was observed. No identified studies examined possible risk factors which may account for such variation, including socio-economic status, sensory impairment, traumatic life events, or social isolation.

scholarly journals Association between environmental and climatic risk factors and the spatial distribution of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0009498
Author(s):  
Giulia Paternoster ◽  
Gianluca Boo ◽  
Roman Flury ◽  
Kursanbek M. Raimkulov ◽  
Gulnara Minbaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Alveolar Echinococcosis ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Conditional Autoregressive ◽  
Conditional Autoregressive Models

Background Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis (CE and AE) are neglected tropical diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and E. multilocularis, and are emerging zoonoses in Kyrgyzstan. In this country, the spatial distribution of CE and AE surgical incidence in 2014-2016 showed marked heterogeneity across communities, suggesting the presence of ecological determinants underlying CE and AE distributions. Methodology/Principal findings For this reason, in this study we assessed potential associations between community-level confirmed primary CE (no.=2359) or AE (no.=546) cases in 2014-2016 in Kyrgyzstan and environmental and climatic variables derived from satellite-remote sensing datasets using conditional autoregressive models. We also mapped CE and AE relative risk. The number of AE cases was negatively associated with 10-year lag mean annual temperature. No associations were detected for CE. We also identified several communities at risk for CE or AE where no disease cases were reported in the study period. Conclusions/Significance Our findings support the hypothesis that CE is linked to an anthropogenic cycle and is less affected by environmental risk factors compared to AE, which is believed to result from spillover from a wild life cycle. As CE was not affected by factors we investigated, hence control should not have a geographical focus. In contrast, AE risk areas identified in this study without reported AE cases should be targeted for active disease surveillance in humans. This active surveillance would confirm or exclude AE transmission which might not be reported with the present passive surveillance system. These areas should also be targeted for ecological investigations in the animal hosts.

A Strategy for Analysing Multiple Risk Factors with Application to Cervical Pain Syndrome

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (01) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Dartigues ◽  
Ph. Peytour ◽  
E. Puymirat ◽  
P. Henry ◽  
M. Gagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Cervical Pain ◽  
Extreme Form ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors

Abstract:When studying the possible effects of several factors in a given disease, two major problems arise: (1) confounding, and (2) multiplicity of tests. Frequently, in order to cope with the problem of confounding factors, models with multiple explanatory variables are used. However, the correlation structure of the variables may be such that the corresponding tests have low power: in its extreme form this situation is coined by the term “multicollinearity”. As the problem of multiplicity is still relevant in these models, the interpretation of results is, in most cases, very hazardous. We propose a strategy - based on a tree structure of the variables - which provides a guide to the interpretation and controls the risk of erroneously rejecting null hypotheses. The strategy was applied to a study of cervical pain syndrome involving 990 subjects and 17 variables. Age, sex, head trauma, posture at work and psychological status were all found to be important risk factors.

Premature Arterial Disease Associated with Familial Antithrombin III Deficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (01) ◽  
pp. 013-015 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Johnson ◽  
C R M Prentice ◽  
L A Parapia
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Antithrombin Iii ◽  
Arterial Disease ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Arterial Thromboembolism ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Antithrombin Iii Deficiency

SummaryAntithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency is one of the few known abnormalities of the coagulation system known to predispose to venous thromboembolism but its relation to arterial disease is not established. We describe two related patients with this disorder, both of whom suffered arterial thrombotic events, at an early age. Both patients had other potential risk factors, though these would normally be considered unlikely to lead to such catastrophic events at such an age. Thrombosis due to ATIII deficiency is potentially preventable, and this diagnosis should be sought more frequently in patients with arterial thromboembolism, particularly if occurring at a young age. In addition, in patients with known ATIII deficiency, other risk factors for arterial disease should be eliminated, if possible. In particular, these patients should be counselled against smoking.

Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among Vietnamese adults: prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility profile

MedPharmRes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phan ◽  
Hien Pham ◽  
Thuc Nguyen ◽  
Hoai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight History ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vietnamese Community

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.

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