Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among Vietnamese adults: prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility profile

MedPharmRes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phan ◽  
Hien Pham ◽  
Thuc Nguyen ◽  
Hoai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight History ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vietnamese Community

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in the community: a survey from central Italy

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. ZANELLI ◽  
A. SANSONI ◽  
A. ZANCHI ◽  
S. CRESTI ◽  
S. POLLINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Recently, concern has increased regarding the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community. We studied 812 subjects from central Italy to establish the rates of nasal carriage of S. aureus, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns, in the community. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage was 30.5%. Only one subject, with predisposing risk factors for acquisition, was identified as carrier of MRSA (prevalence of 0.12%). The presence of MRSA in the community of our area still appears to be a rare event. Among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, a surprisingly high rate (18%) of resistance to rifampin was observed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Malagasy patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (04) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsiry Rasamiravaka ◽  
Saida Rasoanandrasana ◽  
Norosoa Julie Julie Zafindraibe ◽  
Aimee Olivat Rakoto Alson ◽  
Andry Rasamindrakotroka
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Training And Research ◽  
Strategic Policy

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of infections. It is well recognized that nasal carriage of S. aureus represents a potent and increasingly prevalent risk factor for subsequent S. aureus infection. However, in Madagascar no data exist concerning this nasal carriage of S. aureus. Methodology: Nasal swabs from 304 different patients attending the Laboratory of Training and Research in Medical Biology of Madagascar were cultured for methicillin sensitive (MSSA) and MRSA. Results: One hundred and sixteen patients had S. aureus in their noses (38.16 ± 5.46%) of whom 45 (14.80 ± 3.99%) had MRSA.  A risk factor for MSSA nasal carriage included a history of hospitalization when antibiotics were administered (odds ratio [OR] 2.25, 1.09 - 4.64). Among MRSA nasal isolates, high rate of resistance to other antibiotics was observed, particularly for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (68.89%), erythromycin (66.67%) and ofloxacin (53.33%). Conclusion: Our data showed a high rate of MRSA nasal carriage and a high rate of multidrug resistance. A strategic policy against the spread of multidrug resistant strains is desirable.

scholarly journals Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Healthy School Children in Kathmandu Valley

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dev Raj Joshi ◽  
Suraj Narayan Shrestha ◽  
Rajdeep Bomjan ◽  
Kamal Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
School Children ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both community and hospital practices. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) continues to be a major cause of serious infections in the community worldwide. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in school children in Kathmandu valley and, also to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Identification of the S. aureus was confirmed by standard microbiological methods and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institution (CLSI). Of the 324 school children who participated in the study, 38 (11.8%) had S. aureus isolated from nasal swabs. The potential risk factors for the S. aureus carriage showed the antibiotic usage within past 4 weeks to be associated with the rate of the nasal carriage (p value 0.000). Out of 38, two (5.2%) isolates were MRSA. One of the MRSA strains was also resistant to Cloxacillin. Erythromycin and Cloxacillin resistance was present in 3 (7.9%) isolates. Resistance to two or more antibiotics was noted in 2 (5.3%) isolates. However, no strains were resistant to Vancomycin. The results of this study indicated that the carriage of MRSA exists among young healthy school children who lack traditional risk factors for MRSA. Key words: community acquired MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus; nasal carriage; school children DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3177 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 139-142

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by medical students: Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fikriye MİLLETLİ SEZGİN ◽  
Sevgi SARIHAN ◽  
Havva Nur TÜRKOĞLU ◽  
Melihcan YAĞMUR ◽  
Gülgüşa BUCAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage

scholarly journals Evaluation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Malagasy pig and poultry non-industrial farmers

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsiry Rasamiravaka ◽  
Tojo Tiana Andriatsitohanana ◽  
Andry Rasamindrakotroka
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nasal Swabs

Introduction: The laboratory of Training and Research in Medical Biology of Madagascar conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the rate of S. aureus nasal carriage of pig and poultry Malagasy farmers. Methodology: Pig and poultry farmers from capital town of Madagascar were selected for nasal swabs collection with information on potential risk factors for S. aureus colonization, including animal exposure. Results: Nasal swabs from 180 farmers (M/F sex ratio: 0.74), enabled isolation after culture and biochemical identification, 69 (38.33%) S. aureus strains among which 45 (25%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Risk factors analysis revealed that farming duration, number of animals, direct contact with poultry, and frequent contact with manure increased risk of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage. Likewise, farm practices that imply close contact with pigs such as food distribution and pigsty washing increased risk of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among pig farmers. Among MRSA isolates, resistance rate to other antibiotics was similar to that of MRSA isolates from the non-farmer Malagasy population. However, gentamycin resistance was noticeably higher (32.5% versus 4.44%). Conclusions: This study shows a high rate of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage with high rate of multidrug resistance among healthy people frequently in contact with animals. A strategic policy against the spread of multidrug-resistant strains is desirable in farms and veterinary areas.

Preoperative Risk Factors for Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 481-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreen A. Herwaldt ◽  
Joseph J. Cullen ◽  
Pamela French ◽  
Jianfang Hu ◽  
Michael A. Pfaller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accident ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Surgical Specialty ◽  
History Of

AbstractBackground:Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage is a risk factor for surgical-site infections (SSIs) caused by S. aureus, and eradication of carriage reduces postoperative nosocomial infections caused by it. No study has compared large groups of preoperative carriers and non-carriers to identify factors that are linked to S. aureus nasal carriage.Methods:While conducting a clinical trial evaluating whether mupirocin prevented S. aureus SSIs, we prospectively collected data on 70 patient characteristics that might be associated with S. aureus carriage. We performed stepwise logistic regression analysis.Results:Of the 4,030 patients, 891 (22%) carried S. aureus. Independent risk factors for S. aureus nasal carriage were obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.11-1.50), male gender (OR, 1.29; CI95,1.11-1.51), and a history of a cerebrovascular accident (OR, 1.53; CI95, 1.03-2.25) for all patients. Factors associated with nasal carriage varied somewhat by surgical specialty. In all groups, preoperative use of antimicrobial agents was independently associated with a lower risk of carrying S. aureus in the nares. Previously identified risk factors were not significantly associated with S. aureus nasal carriage in this large group of surgical patients.Conclusion:Male gender, obesity, and a history of a cerebrovascular accident were identified as risk factors for S. aureus nasal carriage. It remains to be seen whether preoperative weight loss would reduce the rate of nasal carriage. In addition, the value of screening this patient population for S. aureus nasal carriage merits further investigation.

Risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections in outpatients in Taiwan

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-H. CHOU ◽  
M.-S. LEE ◽  
R.-Y. LIN ◽  
C.-Y. WU
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

SUMMARYInformation on the risk factors for community-associated skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs) due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Asian populations is scarce. To this end we performed a case-control study of patients treated at two hospital-affiliated outpatient clinics in Taiwan to determine potential risk factors for MRSA SSTIs. S. aureus was isolated from 39 of 100 eligible patients, and 74% were MRSA. Apart from resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin, most MRSA isolates were susceptible to appropriate antimicrobials. The significant risk factors identified by multivariate analysis for MRSA SSTIs were male gender (P = 0·09), nasal carriage of MRSA (P = 0·02), exposure to an individual who had surgery within a year before infection (P = 0·02), and antibiotic treatment for SSTI in the year before infection (P = 0·04). The identification of such factors may assist provision of appropriate treatment to patients with suspected S. aureus SSTIs particularly in Taiwan.

scholarly journals Mortality and Conversion Rate to Below Knee or Above Knee Amputation Following Transmetatarsal Amputation

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0011
Author(s):  
D. Anthony Barcel ◽  
Susan M. Odum ◽  
Taylor Rowe ◽  
Jefferson B. Sabatini ◽  
Samuel E. Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Conversion Rate ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Administrative Database ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Knee Amputation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transmetatarsal Amputation

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot; Diabetes; Other Introduction/Purpose: Non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEA), especially those performed in dysvascular and diabetic patients, are known to have poor long-term prognosis. Perioperative mortality has been reported at between 4 and 10%, and the 1 and 5 year mortality rates range between 22-33% and 39-69%, respectively. While poor outcomes in these patients have been described, there is no consensus as to the predictors of mortality. The purpose of the study is to determine the percentage of patients who had a complication following transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) and identify associated risk factors for complications and mortality. Methods: We queried our institution’s administrative database to identify 247 TMA procedures performed in 229 patients between January, 2002 and December, 2016. Electronic health records were reviewed to document complications defined as reoperation, amputation and mortality. Mortality was also verified using the National Death Index. Additionally, we recorded risk factors including diabetes, A1c level, end stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), history of revascularization, contralateral amputation, and neuropathy. The majority of the study patients were males (157, 69%) and the average age was 57 years (range 24-91). The median BMI was 28 (range 16-58) and 29% of the study patients were obese with a BMI ≥ 30. Fishers Exact tests were used to compare categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis and Independent T-tests were used to compare numeric data. All data were analyzed using SAS/STAT software version 9.4 (Carey, NC) and a 0.05 level of significance was defined apriori. Results: The conversion rate to below (BKA) or above knee amputation (AKA) was 26% (64 of 247). Males (p=.0274), diabetics (p=.0139), patients in ESRD (p=.019), and patients with a history of CVD (p=.0247) or perioperative revascularization (p=.022) were more likely to undergo further amputation following an index TMA. BMI was significantly higher in patients requiring BKA/AKA (p=.0305). There were no significant differences in age (p=.2723) or A1c levels (p=.4219). The overall mortality rate was 35% (84 of 229). Diabetes (p=.0272), ESRD (p=.0031), history of CVD (p<.0001) or PVD (p=.0179) were all significantly associated with mortality. Patients who died were significantly older (p=.0006) and had significantly higher A1c levels (p=.0373). BMI was not significantly associated with mortality. Twenty-two patients who had 23 further amputations subsequently died. Conclusion: In our series of patients undergoing TMA, 26% underwent further amputation and 35% of patients died. Conversion rate to BKA or AKA occurred at a high rate regardless of preoperative revascularization or the use of tendo-achilles or gastrocnemius lengthening procedures. Male sex, diabetes, ESRD, history of CVD or revascularization are significant risk factors for further amputation. ESRD, diabetes, history of CVD or PVD, older age and higher A1c levels are significant risk factors for mortality. These data provide useful insight into risk factors to be emphasized when counseling patients and their families to establish realistic postoperative expectations.

scholarly journals GASTRODUODENAL PERFORATION, A FREQUENT SURGICAL EMERGENCY. REVIEW AND DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Nuño Iglesias ◽  
M R Fresnedo Pérez ◽  
R A Alonso Blanco ◽  
M Soto Dopazo ◽  
E Pérez Prudencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gastroduodenal Ulcer ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Surgical Emergency ◽  
Perforated Gastroduodenal Ulcer ◽  
Gastroduodenal Perforation ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sixth Decade ◽  
Current Risk

Abstract INTRODUCTION Perforated gastroduodenal ulcer represents a common surgical emergency and is associated with a morbimortality close to 40-50%. HP infection, tobacco and alcohol and some socioeconomic aspects represent the most commonly described risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS A descriptive and retrospective study was performed between 2018-2020. A total of 40 patients with a history of gastroduodenal perforation were selected. Data corresponding to: sex, age, ulcer location, treatment, tobacco and alcohol consumption, HP infection (presence or not of eradicating treatment) and other potential risk factors were collected and analysed. The aim of the study is to assess how new lifestyle changes, the evolution and improvement in the management of PH infection and the general decrease in smoking have modified the classic profile of patients with gastroduodenal perforations. RESULTS Gastroduodenal perforations predominated in the fifth/sixth decade of life (mean age 59 years). Although a predominance in men is described in the literature, in our sample no significant sex differences were found (1:1 ratio). The most frequent location was duodenal and the reference surgical treatment was primary suture + epipoplasty. Only one third of the patients had a known history of peptic ulcer. CONCLUSIONS Gastroduodenal perforations are a major problem for the on-call surgeon. It is essential to know the current risk factors and their potential relationship with morbimortality and postoperative evolution in order to guarantee the optimal management of these patients.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in farm animals and breeders in North of Morocco

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadira Mourabit ◽  
Abdelhay Arakrak ◽  
Mohammed Bakkali ◽  
Zeineb Zian ◽  
Joaira Bakkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Abstract Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of Staphylococcus. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc , mec A, mec C, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.

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