scholarly journals An Intercategorical Ecology of Lead Exposure: Complex Environmental Health Vulnerabilities in the Flint Water Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2217
Author(s):  
Raoul S. Liévanos ◽  
Clare R. Evans ◽  
Ryan Light
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
The United States ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Single Parent Family ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Block Level

In 2014, city and state officials channeled toxic water into Flint, Michigan and its unevenly distributed and corroding lead service lines (LSLs). The resulting Flint water crisis is a tragic example of environmental racism against a majority Black city and enduring racial and spatial disparities in environmental lead exposures in the United States. Important questions remain about how race intersected with other established environmental health vulnerabilities of gender and single-parent family structure to create unequal toxic exposures within Flint. We address this question with (1) an “intercategorical ecology” framework that extends the “racial ecology” lens into the complex spatial and demographic dimensions of environmental health vulnerabilities and (2) a multivariate analysis using block-level data from the 2010 U.S. decennial census and a key dataset estimating the LSL connections for 56,038 land parcels in Flint. We found that blocks exposed to LSLs had, on average, higher concentrations of single-parent white, Black, and Latinx families. However, logistic regression results indicate that the likelihood of block exposure to LSLs was most consistently and positively associated with the percentage of single-father Black and single-mother Latina families, net of other racialized and gendered single-parent family structures, socioeconomic status, and the spatial concentration of LSL exposure.

The interaction between family structure and child gender on behavior problems in urban ethnic minority children

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathariya Mokrue ◽  
Yung Y. Chen ◽  
Maurice Elias
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Minority Children ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Ethnic Minority Children

Previous studies have reported that children from single-parent households fare worse behaviorally than those from two-parent households. Studies examining single-parent households often fail to distinguish between single-mother and single-father households. Further, there are inconsistent findings regarding the effect of family structure on boys and girls. This study examined the relationship between family structures and behavior problems among 515 predominantly ethnic minority children in an urban setting, while taking into account the role of children’s gender. Results indicated that children from two-parent families consistently scored lower on measures of externalizing behavior and hyperactivity when compared to children from parent-absent households, but not when compared to those from single-parent households. Moderation analyses revealed significant interactions between family structure and children’s gender. Girls in single-mother households scored higher in externalizing behavior and hyperactivity than those in two-parent households. Behavior problems for boys in single-mother households did not differ from those in two-parent households. These findings encourage further research on parenting practices and child’s gender within various family structures.

Reflections on Entitlement to a Child in Australian Women's Journals 1947–1987

1990 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Harper
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Single Parent Family ◽  
Unmarried Mothers ◽  
Alternative Type ◽  
Illegitimate Children ◽  
Women's Journals

In the Macquarie Dictionary, a family is defined as “parents and their children, whether dwelling together or not”. To be a couple with no children puts one outside of this category when family is defined in that way. Indeed, it is only recently that the term “single parent family” has been coined and accepted as an alternative type of family structure. Prior to the seventies the reference was to the “single mother and her child” and earlier still, “unmarried mothers” and “illegitimate children” — “fillius nullis”, child of nobody, until the Children's Equality of Status Act in 1977.Society still appears to hold the nuclear family as the ideal2 that is a male and a female, preferably married with one or more children. A couple remain a couple and are not considered a family until such time as they have a child. For those who wish to have a child but are unable to have one, this constitutes a painful situation, but one towards which society feels compassion and in the view of the author, supports the notion that couples are entitled to a child.

Single Parents

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia C. Strand
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Teen Pregnancy ◽  
Single Parents ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Marital Disruption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Single Parent Family ◽  
Single Parenthood ◽  
Family Benefits

Between 1990 and 2003, the single-parent family continued to emerge as a major family form in the United States. Individuals come to single parenthood through different routes (divorce, separation, birth outside of marriage, widowhood, and adoption). And most of them are women. Intervention implications are framed in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies. Increasing family benefits and child care provisions are highlighted as well as strategies for preventing teen pregnancy, increasing access to educational and entry to the work force for low-income women, and identifying mothers early on in the process of marital disruption.

Combating Child Poverty? A Multilevel Assessment of Family Policy Institutions and Child Poverty in 21 Old and New Welfare States

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLOF BÄCKMAN ◽  
TOMMY FERRARINI
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractThis study analyses the links between family policy institutions and poverty in households with pre-school children in 21 old and new welfare democracies. New institutional information which enables a separation of different family policy dimensions is combined with micro data from the Luxembourg Income Study. Through statistical multilevel modelling, individual- and country-level data are combined in a simultaneous analysis of their relationships to child poverty risks. The results show that family policy transfers are related to lower child poverty risks at the micro level. However, the mechanisms by which such transfers reduce poverty vary by type of family support. Support to dual-earner families operates by enabling both parents to work and raise market income, while support to more traditional family structures in some instances has a more direct effect on poverty risks. The analysis also renders support to the hypothesis that dual-earner transfers also alleviate poverty most effectively among single-mother households.

Psychological well-being pada single mother karena kematian pasangan

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Kurniasari Purwaningrum ◽  
Nuraida Wahyu Sulistyani
Keyword(s):  
Single Mother ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Psychological Well Being

Kehilangan pasangan akibat kematian menimbulkan duka yang mendalam bagi wanita. Kehidupan selanjutnya yang harus ia lalui sendiri tanpa seorang suami menimbulkan kecemasan akan masa depan dan rasa frustasi. Peran sebagai orang tua tunggal berarti wanita harus menjalankan peran ganda sebagai ibu sekaligus sebagai ayah bagi anak-anaknya, single mother memiliki tanggung jawab yang lebih sulit dan lebih rumit dibandingkan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengungkap dan mendeskripsikan psychological well being pada wanita dewasa madya dengan status single parent karena kematian pasangan dengan mengunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data mengunakan teknik wawancara mendalam terhadap 4 orang subyek dan significan other. Rentang usia subyek 40 s.d 50 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam psychological well being pada single mother karena kematian pasangan yaitu cara kematian pasangan, cara individu memandang peristiwa yang dialami, kemampuan untuk beradaptasi dan mengatasi peristiwa yang mereka alami, religiusitas, penerimaan diri, kelekatan pada pasangan, hubungan dengan orang lain, otonomi, tujuan hidup, penguasaan lingkungan dan pertumbuhan pribadi.Kata kunci: Psychological well being, wanita single parent, kematian pasangan

scholarly journals Blood lead level and risk of hypertension in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Fung Tsoi ◽  
Chris Wai Hang Lo ◽  
Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽  
Bernard Man Yung Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Lead Exposure ◽  
Blood Lead Level ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Environmental Lead ◽  
Lead Levels

AbstractLead is a heavy metal without a biological role. High level of lead exposure is known to be associated with hypertension, but the risk at low levels of exposure is uncertain. In this study, data from US NHANES 1999–2016 were analyzed. Adults with blood lead and blood pressure measurements, or self-reported hypertension diagnosis, were included. If not already diagnosed, hypertension was defined according to the AHA/ACC 2017 hypertension guideline. Results were analyzed using R statistics version 3.5.1 with sample weight adjustment. Logistic regression was used to study the association between blood lead level and hypertension. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated. Altogether, 39,477 participants were included. Every doubling in blood lead level was associated with hypertension (OR [95%CI] 1.45 [1.40–1.50]), which remained significant after adjusting for demographics. Using quartile 1 as reference, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased adjusted odds of hypertension (Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1: 1.22 [1.09–1.36]; Quartile 3 vs. Quartile 1: 1.15 [1.04–1.28]; Quartile 2 vs. Quartile 1: 1.14 [1.05–1.25]). In conclusion, blood lead level is associated with hypertension in the general population with blood lead levels below 5 µg/dL. Our findings suggest that reducing present levels of environmental lead exposure may bring cardiovascular benefits by reducing blood pressure.

Estimating the Electoral Effects of Voter Turnout

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS G. HANSFORD ◽  
BRAD T. GOMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Electoral Choice ◽  
High Turnout ◽  
Specific Factors

This article examines the electoral consequences of variation in voter turnout in the United States. Existing scholarship focuses on the claim that high turnout benefits Democrats, but evidence supporting this conjecture is variable and controversial. Previous work, however, does not account for endogeneity between turnout and electoral choice, and thus, causal claims are questionable. Using election day rainfall as an instrumental variable for voter turnout, we are able to estimate the effect of variation in turnout due to across-the-board changes in the utility of voting. We re-examine the Partisan Effects and Two-Effects Hypotheses, provide an empirical test of an Anti-Incumbent Hypothesis, and propose a Volatility Hypothesis, which posits that high turnout produces less predictable electoral outcomes. Using county-level data from the 1948–2000 presidential elections, we find support for each hypothesis. Failing to address the endogeneity problem would lead researchers to incorrectly reject all but the Anti-Incumbent Hypothesis. The effect of variation in turnout on electoral outcomes appears quite meaningful. Although election-specific factors other than turnout have the greatest influence on who wins an election, variation in turnout significantly affects vote shares at the county, national, and Electoral College levels.

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