scholarly journals Comparison of Nicotine Dependence and Biomarker Levels among Traditional Cigarette, Heat-Not-Burn Cigarette, and Liquid E-Cigarette Users: Results from the Think Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4777
Author(s):  
Guillaume Rudasingwa ◽  
Yeonjin Kim ◽  
Cheolmin Lee ◽  
Jeomkyu Lee ◽  
Seunghyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Adult Study ◽  
Korean Adult ◽  
Dependence Level ◽  
Study Participants

This study aimed to compare Korean smokers’ smoking-related biomarker levels by tobacco product type, including heat-not-burn cigarettes (HNBC), liquid e-cigarettes (EC), and traditional cigarettes (TC). Nicotine dependence levels were evaluated in Korean adult study participants including TC-, EC-, HNBC-only users and nonsmokers (n = 1586) from March 2019 to July 2019 in Seoul and Cheonan/Asan South Korea using the Fagerström Test Score. Additionally, urine samples (n = 832) were collected for the measurement of urinary nicotine, cotinine, OH-cotinine, NNAL(4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol), CYMA(N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoehtyl)-L-cysteine), or CEMA (2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid) using LC–MS/MS. The median(interquartile range) nicotine dependence level was not different among the three types of smokers, being 3.0 (2.0–5.0) for TC- (n = 726), 3.0 (1.0–4.0) for EC- (n = 316), and 3.0 (2.0–4.0) for HNBC- (n = 377) only users. HNBC-only users presented similar biomarker levels compared to TC-only users, except for NNAL (HNBC: 14.5 (4.0–58.8) pg/mL, TC: 32.0 (4.0–69.6) pg/mL; p = 0.0106) and CEMA (HNBC: 60.4 (10.0–232.0) ng/mL, TC: 166.1 (25.3–532.1) ng/mL; p = 0.0007). TC and HNBC users showed increased urinary cotinine levels as early as the time after the first smoke of the day. EC users’ biomarker levels were possibly lower than TC or HNBC users’ but higher than those of non-smokers.

scholarly journals Can Urinary Cotinine Predict Nicotine Dependence Level in Smokers?

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5483-5488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Suk Jung ◽  
Yeol Kim ◽  
Jungsik Son ◽  
Young-Jee Jeon ◽  
Hong-Gwan Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Dependence Level

Thirdhand smoke exposure: Differences in smoke exposure indices and cultural norms between hotels and motels in South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2110124
Author(s):  
Myung-Bae Park ◽  
Tae Sic Lee ◽  
Jee Eun Oh ◽  
Do Hoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Thirdhand Smoke ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Cotinine Concentration

The legal regulations and cultural environment for smoking bans in hotels and motels in South Korea differ depending on the type of accommodation. The aim of this study was to assess the thirdhand smoke exposure for hotel and motel guests staying at accommodations who are expected to be relatively vulnerable to thirdhand smoke. Biomarkers for 28 participants were assessed before and after lodging at a hotel or motel for approximately 14 h. Hotel participants had statistically decreased urinary cotinine concentrations after their stay, whereas motel participants experienced increased concentrations. The concentration of nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone in dust in hotels was lower than that in motels, and the higher dust nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone concentration in motels had more effect on an increase in urinary cotinine concentration. Both hotels and motels legally allowed smoking in guest rooms. However, the study participants in hotels were less exposed to thirdhand smoke than those in motels.

scholarly journals Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Boykan ◽  
Maciej L. Goniewicz ◽  
Catherine R. Messina
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Nicotine Addiction ◽  
Urinary Cotinine ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
The Past ◽  
Survey Responses

Background: The use of high-nicotine content e-cigarettes (so-called pods, such as Juul) among adolescents raises concerns about early onset of nicotine addiction. Methods: In this analysis of adolescents surveyed from April 2017–April 2018, we compare survey responses and urinary cotinine of pod vs. non-pod using past-week e-cigarette users aged 12–21. Results: More pod users categorized themselves as daily users compared to non-pod users (63.0% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.001); more pod than non-pod users had used e-cigarettes within the past day (76.2% vs. 29.6%; p = 0.001). More pod users responded affirmatively to nicotine dependence questions (21.4% vs. 7.1%; p = 0.04). Urinary cotinine levels were compared among those responding positively and negatively to dependence questions: those with positive responses had significantly higher urinary cotinine levels than those responding negatively. Conclusions: Adolescents who used pod products showed more signs of nicotine dependence than non-pod users. Pediatricians should be vigilant in identifying dependence symptoms in their patients who use e-cigarettes, particularly in those using pod devices.

Urinary Cotinine and Nicotine Dependence Levels in Regular Male Electronic Cigarette Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-173
Author(s):  
Sri Wening Pamungkasningsih ◽  
◽  
Feni Fitriani Taufik ◽  
Erlang Samoedro ◽  
Sita Andarini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Urinary Cotinine

scholarly journals Are Heated Tobacco Product Users Less Likely to Quit than Cigarette Smokers? Findings from THINK (Tobacco and Health IN Korea) Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8622
Author(s):  
Cheol Min Lee ◽  
Choon-Young Kim ◽  
Kiheon Lee ◽  
Sungroul Kim
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Sales ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
Stop Smoking Services ◽  
The Difference

Since the advent of heated tobacco products in June 2017 in South Korea, the sale of heated tobacco products accounted for 10.5% of total tobacco sales in 2019. However, the decreasing trend in total tobacco sales is gradually weakening and the number of visitors using stop smoking services has also dropped. This study examines the association between the use of new tobacco products and related products and cessation behaviors. A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted from March 2019 to July 2019 for 2831 adult tobacco users. The difference in rates of quit attempts using the type of tobacco products and related products in the past year were noted (55.6% (any cigarette smoker), 46.7% (any e-cigarette user), and 39.6% (any heated tobacco product user)). About a 30% increase in quit attempts was observed for the triple users of either conventional cigarette or heated tobacco product than exclusive users. Exclusive heated tobacco product and e-cigarette users were approximately 40% and 20% less likely to quit the product they used than exclusive cigarette smokers, respectively. These findings can explain recent occurrences in South Korea, such as the reduction of visitors at smoking cessation clinics and the attenuation of the decline in tobacco sales.

scholarly journals Survey of Urinary Aflatoxin Levels Among Residents of Makueni County, Kenya: A Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Martin Buuri ◽  
Michael Gicheru ◽  
Joshua Mutiso ◽  
Festus Mulakoli
Keyword(s):  
Food Contamination ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Study Participants

Although fungi are known to be less pathogenic and mostly saprophytic in their nature as compared to other groups of microbes, those that produce aflatoxin have been associated with severe human disease. An example of such disease is Aflatoxicosis caused by soil-borne pathogenic fungi of the species Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus. They produce a mycotoxin substance that is carcinogenic to the human liver with severe outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine urinary aflatoxin levels among the residents of Makueni County, previously affected by Aflatoxicosis. This was a cross-sectional study that involved the use of primary data collected from 106 participants. The method for data collection included a structured questionnaire and the collection of the urine samples for aflatoxin M1 analysis at Bora Biotech Laboratories LTD. The urinary levels of AFM1 were detected by use of an ELISA kit. Data was entered in SPSS and analysed through Chi-Square for the association. The study participants, including both male and female, had an age of between 15 and 91 years and with an average age of 41±18. Out of the 106 study participants, n=68 (72%) were females and n=26 (28%) were males. Majority of the study participants were with a median age of 24 years old. AFM1 levels were detected in 99.1% % of all urine samples at a range of 25-2337 pg./ml. The mean and median concentration of AFM1 in urine was 637.6 ± 512.7and 525 pg./mL, respectively. The results of this study provide information on the current situation of aflatoxin exposure. From what is evident from our study a lot needs to be done to mitigate on the long-term effect of this high exposure.  Therefore, the study encourages the concerned ministry to have a broader focus on the extent of aflatoxin food contamination from this region plus other regions across the country.

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