scholarly journals Predicting Breaststroke and Butterfly Stroke Results in Swimming Based on Olympics History

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6621
Author(s):  
Maciej Hołub ◽  
Arkadiusz Stanula ◽  
Jakub Baron ◽  
Wojciech Głyk ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Record Times ◽  
The Future ◽  
Butterfly Stroke

Here we describe historic variations in Olympic breaststroke and butterfly performance and predict swimming results for the 2021 Olympic Games in Tokyo. The results of the finalists, winners, and last participants in the women’s and men’s finals were analyzed, and a mathematical predictive model was created. The predicted times for the future Olympics were presented. Swimming performance among Olympians has been steadily improving, with record times of 18.51 s for female finalists in the 100 m butterfly (a 24.63% improvement) and 31.33 s for male finalists in the 200 m butterfly (21.44%). The results in all analyzed groups showed improvement in athletic performance, and the gap between the finalists has narrowed. Women Olympians’ performances have improved faster than men’s, reducing the gap between genders. We conclude that swimming performance among Olympians is continuing to improve.

scholarly journals Does the Olympic Agenda 2020 Have the Power to Create a New Olympic Heritage? An Analysis for the 2026 Winter Olympic Games Bid

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schnitzer ◽  
Lukas Haizinger
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
The Future ◽  
Winter Olympic Games

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) lacks candidates willing to host the Olympic Games (OG) and has reacted to this situation by introducing the Olympic Agenda 2020 (OA)—a reform process making the OG more attractive for potential hosts. This study analyzes whether the OA plays a crucial role for the future of the OG. We, therefore, examined the official IOC documents and feasibility studies of the 2026 Winter Olympic Games (WOG) bidders and conducted qualitative interviews with experts in the field (n = 15). The results reveal that the 2026 WOG hosts plan to reduce the budgets for the organization and the infrastructure costs in the host regions. As a consequence, the number and nature of the sites and venues as well as the distances between them will increase. This means that the future Olympic heritage (OH) may lay less in iconic buildings but rather focus on the attempt to fulfil the city’s long-term strategies. Our analyses extend the literature by: (1) analysing the OA in view of future OG, (2) comparing experiences from past OG with those of current bidders, (3) integrating expert knowledge thanks to qualitative interviews and, finally, (4) considering new heritage concepts.

Breaking the Myth That Relay Swimming Is Faster Than Individual Swimming

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Skorski ◽  
Naroa Etxebarria ◽  
Kevin G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Performance Times ◽  
Race Performance ◽  
Split Time ◽  
Relay Race

Purpose:To investigate if swimming performance is better in a relay race than in the corresponding individual race.Methods:The authors analyzed 166 elite male swimmers from 15 nations in the same competition (downloaded from www.swimrankings.net). Of 778 observed races, 144 were Olympic Games performances (2000, 2004, 2012), with the remaining 634 performed in national or international competitions. The races were 100-m (n = 436) and 200-m (n = 342) freestyle events. Relay performance times for the 2nd–4th swimmers were adjusted (+ 0.73 s) to allow for the “flying start.”Results:Without any adjustment, mean individual relay performances were significantly faster for the first 50 m and overall time in the 100-m events. Furthermore, the first 100 m of the 200-m relay was significantly faster (P > .001). During relays, swimmers competing in 1st position did not show any difference compared with their corresponding individual performance (P > .16). However, swimmers competing in 2nd–4th relay-team positions demonstrated significantly faster times in the 100-m (P < .001) and first half of the 200-m relays than in their individual events (P < .001, ES: 0.28–1.77). However, when finishing times for 2nd–4th relay team positions were adjusted for the flying start no differences were detected between relay and individual race performance for any event or split time (P > .17).Conclusion:Highly trained swimmers do not swim (or turn) faster in relay events than in their individual races. Relay exchange times account for the difference observed in individual vs relay performance.

scholarly journals Visible or Invisible Games? A Critique on the Future of the World Games

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Li-Hong Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Mega Event ◽  
The Olympic Games

Visible or Invisible Games? A Critique on the Future of the World GamesAs the crowded calendar of world sport and the increasing competition between sporting festivals is likely to affect more second-tier global sporting festivals than the Olympic Games (Cashman 2004, p. 134), this paper attempts to answer a few questions concerning the future of the World Games, i.e. a multi-sport mega event. The first and primary question is whether it is worthwhile to host the World Games. In this paper reasoned justification will be provided with a critical eye. Furthermore, questions will be raised about the when and particularly about the where. The content of the World Games' programs will be briefly discussed and critically evaluated as well. As an example the author will use the 2009 World Games in Kaohsiung, Taiwan for discussion.

scholarly journals Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m Freestyle Swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Arellano ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Jane Cappaert ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Starting Time

The performances of 335 male and female swimmers competing in 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle events at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games were videotaped and analyzed to determine stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), starting time (ST), turning times (TI = turn in, TO = turn out), finishing (end) time (ET), and average velocity (AV); relationships were then determined among these variables in addition to height, weight, age, and final time (FT). Differences were subsequently assessed within and among the events, and comparisons were made between male and female performances. ST, TI, TO, ET, and SL were identified as principal components of successful swimming performance at each distance. Results revealed statistically significant correlations between factors for all events. The men were older and taller; possessed longer stroke lengths; and started, turned, and swam faster than the women. As the race distance increased from 50 to 200 m, ST, TI, TO, SL, and ET increased for both men and women, while age, SR, and AV decreased.

scholarly journals A Higher-Order N-gram Model to Enhance Automatic Word Prediction for Assamese Sentences Containing Ambiguous Words

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921-2926 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Word Prediction ◽  
Ambiguous Words ◽  
The Future ◽  
Model Improvement ◽  
N Gram

Word prediction is a technique which tries to suggest the users’ words after knowing the few input letters of the user. This predictive model also tries to generate the future words or next words of a sentence by observing earlier words of the sentence. In this research, two problems are combined, one is word prediction and the next is handling of ambiguous words. A word prediction model predicts the future words of a sentence by using n-gram based model. In general, predictive models use unigram, bigram or trigram models to predict the next words. In case of sentences consisting of ambiguous words, the predictive model by using only bigram or trigram cannot perform well to predict the next words. To enhance this prediction for ambiguous words, maximum of six previous input words are observed and try to predict almost the exact words after the ambiguous words in those particular contexts. Different level of experiments are done and the results are compared for modified or enhanced prediction model with the traditional prediction model, improvement on accuracy and failure rate are found in the enhanced model. The accuracy of the Traditional Model is 60.68% on the hand the accuracy of the Enhanced Model is 66.88%. The failure rate of the Traditional Model is 32.35% and the Enhanced Model is 29.17%

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