scholarly journals Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m Freestyle Swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Arellano ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Jane Cappaert ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Starting Time

The performances of 335 male and female swimmers competing in 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle events at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games were videotaped and analyzed to determine stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), starting time (ST), turning times (TI = turn in, TO = turn out), finishing (end) time (ET), and average velocity (AV); relationships were then determined among these variables in addition to height, weight, age, and final time (FT). Differences were subsequently assessed within and among the events, and comparisons were made between male and female performances. ST, TI, TO, ET, and SL were identified as principal components of successful swimming performance at each distance. Results revealed statistically significant correlations between factors for all events. The men were older and taller; possessed longer stroke lengths; and started, turned, and swam faster than the women. As the race distance increased from 50 to 200 m, ST, TI, TO, SL, and ET increased for both men and women, while age, SR, and AV decreased.

Analysis of Male and Female Olympic Swimmers in the 100-Meter Events

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Kennedy ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Somadeepti N. Chengalur ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Dominant Feature

The performance of male and female swimmers (N = 397) competing in the preliminary heats of the four 100-meter swimming events during the Seoul Olympic Games was videotaped and later analyzed to determine stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL). These data were combined with age, height, and final time (FT) values for statistical analyses which included the relationships among these variables, comparison of male and female performance, and assessment of differences in the four events. The results revealed the following ranges of correlations between SR and SL (rs from −0.65 to −0.90), SL and FT (rs from −0.32 to −0.80), height and SL (0.19 to 0.58), and age and FT (-0.16 to −.051). The factor of SL was identified as the dominant feature of successful swimming performance. The men were older and taller, had longer stroke lengths and higher stroke rates (two of four events), and swam faster than the women. The differences in final times across the four events (freestyle fastest, breaststroke slowest) were due to specific combinations of SR and SL, with neither parameter being consistently dominant.

Stroking Characteristics in Freestyle Swimming and Relationships with Anthropometric Characteristics

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Pelayo ◽  
Michel Sidney ◽  
Tarik Kherif ◽  
Didier Chollet ◽  
Claire Tourny
Keyword(s):  
Race Differences ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Anthropometric Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between velocity, stroke length, and stroke rate in freestyle competitive events in order to compare male and female swimmers' results and assess their relationships with anthropometric characteristics. Three hundred three male and 325 female swimmers of national and international levels were tested during competition. Solutions adopted in each freestyle event had specific characteristics affecting the stroke rate/stroke length ratio according to distance of the race. Differences in velocity between men and women primarily resulted from differences in stroke length. If the velocity and stroke rate/stroke length ratio depend on the distance swum and the sex of the swimmer, this survey shows the nondiscriminating aspect of anthropometric characteristics. Although swimmers achieved very similar velocity values with different combinations of stroke length and stroke rate, one must appreciate the average time and space characteristics currently used by the best male and female swimmers to optimize their performances.

scholarly journals The relationship between stroke-rate, stroke-length and some anthropometric features in 11 - 12 year old swimmers11 – 12 yaş yüzücülerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğunun bazı antropometrik özelliklerle ilişkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Şenel ◽  
Cihan Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
Practical Performance ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between some body measurements and the stroke-rate (SR) and the stroke-length (SL) which are important effects on swimming performance and to investigate the effect of these body characteristics on performance. The stroke-rate and the stroke-length correlate significantly with performance in short-term tests and long-term tests. It is also a practical performance analysis component for competitions or training. 18 female (mean age 11,25 std, 0.46) and 22 male (mean age 11,42 std. 0.51) subjects were included in the study. Twenty-three different anthropometric variables were used to assess the correlation of the stroke-rate, the stroke-length and swimming speeds using statistical techniques.The relationship between upper arm length and SR (0.022, p<0.05), time and SL (0.01, p<0.01), arm length and SL (0.049, p<0.05), forearm length and SL (0.031, p<0.05) were found for male subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition. There was no significant relationship between SL and SR with the anthropometric characteristics of female subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition.In addition, the times of the female participants entering the 100 m freestyle competition were found to be correlated with mesomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) and ectomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) values. There was a relationship between the times of the male subjects entering the freestyle competition and the length of the sitting height (0.038, p<0.05).Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışma, bazı vücut ölçüleri ile yüzme performansına önemli etkisi olan kulaç oranı (KO) ve kulaç uzunluğu (KU) parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, bu vücut özelliklerinin performansa etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Kısa ve uzun süreli testlerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğu ile performans arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Ayrıca müsabaka veya antrenmanlar için pratik performans analizi bileşenleridir. Çalışmada 18 kız (yaş ortalaması 11,25 std. sap. 0,46) ve 22 erkek (yaş ortalaması 11,42 std. sap. 0,51) denek olarak alınmıştır. 23 farklı antropometrik değişken ile kulaç oranı, kulaç uzunluğu ve yüzme hızları korelasyon istatistik tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.100 m Serbest yarışına katılan erkek deneklerin üst kol uzunluğu ve KO arasında -0,652 değerinde (p<0,05), derece ve KU arasında -0,708 değerinde (p<0,01), kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,579 değerinde (p<0,05), ön kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,623 değerinde (p<0,05) ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin antropometrik özellikleri ile KU ve KO arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır.  Ayrıca 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin dereceleri ile mezomorfi (0,01, p<0,01), ektomorfi (0,01, p<0,01) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren erkek deneklerin dereceleri ile oturma boyu uzunluğu (0,038, p<0,05) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur.

scholarly journals The influence of different hand paddle size on 100-m front crawl kinematics

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López-Plaza ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
Pedro A. López-Miñarro ◽  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different sizes of hand paddles on kinematicparameters during a 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite swimmers. Nine elite swimmers (19.1 ± 1.9 years)completed three tests of 100 m without paddles, with small paddles (271.27 cm2) and with large paddles (332.67 cm2),respectively. One video camera was used to record the performance during the three trials. The mean swimmingvelocity, stroke rate and stroke length were measured in the central 10 meters of each 50 m length. The results showedthat stroke length tended to increase significantly when wearing hand paddles (p < 0.05) during both the first andsecond 50 m sections whereas the increase in swimming velocity occurred only in the second 50 m (p < 0.05).Conversely, the stroke rate showed a slight decreasing trend with increasing paddle size. During the 100 m freestyletrial the stroke kinematics were changed significantly as a result of the increase in propelling surface size when handpaddles were worn.

Kinematic Analysis of Olympic Discus Throwers

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Gregor ◽  
William C. Whiting ◽  
Raymond W. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Arm Position ◽  
Gold Silver ◽  
Foot Position

The purpose of this investigation was to record the performance of all male and female competitors in the discus throw during the 1984 Olympic Games. The final rounds of the men's and women's discus throw were filmed at 120 fps using two high-speed 16mm LoCam cameras. Height, angle, and velocity of the discus and the thrower's trunk angle were measured at release in the best three throws of the Gold, Silver, and Bronze medalists in both the men's and women's division. Little difference was observed between men and women regarding the angle and velocity of release, and results were comparable with those from previous studies on elite performers. But differences were observed in foot position at release and height of release between men and women. It appeared the men had more vertical thrust in taking them off the ground prior to release and, even relative to their greater body height, released the discus with a higher arm position. The three-dimensional nature of this event precludes any further interpretation at this time.

scholarly journals The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Stanula ◽  
Adam Maszczyk ◽  
Robert Roczniok ◽  
Przemysław Pietraszewski ◽  
Andrzej Ostrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
The Difference

The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming This paper analyses the dynamics of changes between the performances of elite freestyle swimmers recorded at particular Olympic Games. It also uses a set of chronologically ordered results to predict probable times of swimmers at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. The analysis of past performances of freestyle swimmers and their prediction have revealed a number of interesting tendencies within separately examined results of men and women. Women's results improve more dynamically compared with men's. Moreover, the difference between women's and men's results is smaller, the longer the swimming distance. As both male and female athletes tend to compete more and more vigorously within their groups, the gap between the gold medallist and the last finisher in the final is constantly decreasing, which provides significant evidence that this sport discipline continues to develop.

scholarly journals Análisis del rendimiento de las pruebas de natación en los JJOO “Rio2016 (Swimming performance analysis in 2016 Summer Olympic Games)

Retos ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 256-259
Author(s):  
Jose María González Ravé ◽  
Daniel Juárez Santos-García ◽  
Inmaculada Yustres Amores
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Mean

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los resultados en natación de los Juegos Olímpicos (JJOO) Río 2016 teniendo como variables del estudio el país de procedencia, pruebas y estilo, fecha de nacimiento, género del participante, puesto obtenido y records, teniendo en cuenta los datos correspondientes a las finales de las pruebas de piscina. La muestra de este estudio corresponde a los medallistas (puestos 1-3) y finalistas (puestos 4-8) contando con 240 entradas en la base de datos. Para analizar las posibles diferencias en cuanto a la edad en función de los estilos de nado, se aplicó un ANOVA de un factor. Para analizar las diferencias en la edad en función del género se llevó a cabo una prueba T para muestras independientes. Los resultados muestran como en todos los estilos la edad media es similar, siendo ligeramente más baja para las pruebas de 200 y 400 m estilos individual, y algo más alta para la prueba de espalda, no existiendo diferencias significativas entre los distintos estilos. No existan diferencias significativas en cada uno de los estilos en la edad media de los nadadores (considerando el año de nacimiento) entre hombres y mujeres, en todos los casos la media de edad es inferior en los hombres.Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the results of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio 2016, taking as variables of the study the country, events, date of birth, gender of the participant, taking into account the data corresponding to the finalist of events. The sample of this study corresponds to the medalists (positions 1-3) and finalists (positions 4-8) with 240 entries in the database. To analyze possible differences in terms of age in terms of swimming styles, an Anova of one factor was performed. A T-test for independent samples was used to analyze differences in age according to gender. The results showed that in all events the mean age is similar, being slightly lower for the tests of 200 and 400 m individual events, and somewhat higher backstroke, no significant differences were found between different events. In addition, No significant differences were found between events mean age of swimmers (considering the year of birth) between men and women, in all cases the mean age is lower in men.

Case Study: Comparison of Swimsuits and Wetsuits Through Biomechanics and Energetics in Elite Female Open Water Swimmers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Zacca ◽  
Bruno Mezêncio ◽  
Flávio A. de Souza Castro ◽  
Fábio Y. Nakamura ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
World Series ◽  
Shoulder Flexion ◽  
Drag Factor

Aim: The authors investigated how the Arena Powerskin R-EVO Closed Back swimsuit and Arena Carbon Triwetsuit (full-sleeve wetsuit), both approved by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) regulations, affect biomechanics and energetics of 3 elite female open water (OW) swimmers at maximal and 4 submaximal swimming intensities. Methods: Three elite female OW swimmers (OW1 = 24 y, 1.64 m, 60 kg; OW2 = 23 y, 1.69 m, 65 kg; OW3 = 27 y, 1.63 m, 64.5 kg) were tested 1 week prior to a FINA/CNSG (China National Sports Group) Marathon Swim World Series event and 40 days before the 18th FINA World Championships 2019. Each OW swimmer completed 2 identical testing sessions, one with a swimsuit and other with a wetsuit, involving shoulder flexion power output assessed from medicine-ball throw, maximal performance and drag coefficient assessment, and an incremental intermittent swim test at 4 different relative intensities. Results: Estimated peak oxygen uptake was 4.4 L·min−1 for OW1, 5.6 L·min−1 for OW2, and 5.0 L·min−1 for OW3. Despite a distinct behavior observed on index of coordination for OW3, a null index of synchronization, increased stroke rate (mean difference = 2%–8%), reduced drag factor (minimum = −14%; maximum = −30%), lower energy cost (mean difference = −2% to −6%), and faster performance (mean difference = 2% to 3%) were observed with the wetsuit compared with swimsuit for all elite OW swimmers. Conclusion: The wetsuit enhances submaximal swimming performance, and this increase is dependent on the OW swimmer’s characteristics. The higher stroke rate and lower stroke length detected with wetsuit could be related to movement constraints imposed by the suit.

Spatial-temporal variables for swimming coaches: A comparison study between video and TritonWear sensor

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110137
Author(s):  
Robin Pla ◽  
Thibaut Ledanois ◽  
Escobar David Simbana ◽  
Anaël Aubry ◽  
Benjamin Tranchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Wearable Sensor ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Training Sets

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and the reliability of a swimming sensor to assess swimming performance and spatial-temporal variables. Six international male open-water swimmers completed a protocol which consisted of two training sets: a 6×100m individual medley and a continuous 800 m set in freestyle. Swimmers were equipped with a wearable sensor, the TritonWear to collect automatically spatial-temporal variables: speed, lap time, stroke count (SC), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), and stroke index (SI). Video recordings were added as a “gold-standard” and used to assess the validity and the reliability of the TritonWear sensor. The results show that the sensor provides accurate results in comparison with video recording measurements. A very high accuracy was observed for lap time with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) under 5% for each stroke (2.2, 3.2, 3.4, 4.1% for butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle respectively) but high error ranges indicate a dependence on swimming technique. Stroke count accuracy was higher for symmetric strokes than for alternate strokes (MAPE: 0, 2.4, 7.1 & 4.9% for butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke & freestyle respectively). The other variables (SL, SR & SI) derived from the SC and the lap time also show good accuracy in all strokes. The wearable sensor provides an accurate real time feedback of spatial-temporal variables in six international open-water swimmers during classical training sets (at low to moderate intensities), which could be a useful tool for coaches, allowing them to monitor training load with no effort.

Toward Understanding the Contributions of Sex and Situation to Behavior in a College Setting

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 875-883
Author(s):  
Nancy Lipsitt ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
College Setting ◽  
Female Subjects

The relative contribution of sex and situation has become a contested issue in the understanding of sex differences in behavior. In the present study, 20 male and 20 female undergraduates were asked to describe their behavior and thoughts in six everyday college situations. Three of the situations were constructed to be typically male and three typically female in content. The results indicate that men and women demonstrate sex-specific characteristics in their responses regardless of the type of situation presented. Men exhibited concern with separateness from others, while women exhibited concern with sustaining connection to others, even when faced with situations described to present demand properties that might be expected specifically to elicit the concern characteristic of the other sex. However, for these students the situation also made a difference: female-defined situations elicited the most masculine responses for both male and female subjects.

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