Three Versions of the Perceived Stress Scale: Psychometric Evaluation in a Nationally Representative Sample of Chinese Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic

(1) Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has created pressure in people’s daily lives, further threatening public health. Thus, it is important to assess people’s perception of stress during COVID-19 for both research and practical purposes. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is one of the most widely used instruments to measure perceived stress; however, previous validation studies focused on specific populations, possibly limiting the generalization of results. (2) Methods: This study tested the psychometric properties of three versions of the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS-14, CPSS-10, and CPSS-4) in the Chinese general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. A commercial online survey was employed to construct a nationally representative sample of 1133 adults in Mainland China (548 males and 585 females) during a one-week period. (3) Results: The two-factor (positivity and negativity) solution for the three versions of the CPSS showed a good fit with the data. The CPSS-14 and CPSS-10 had very good reliability and the CPSS-4 showed acceptable reliability. Scores on all three versions of the CPSS were significantly correlated in the expected direction with health-related variables (e.g., depression, anxiety, and perceived COVID-19 risk), supporting the concurrent validity of the CPSS. (4) Conclusions: All three versions of the CPSS appear to be appropriate for use in research with samples of adults in the Chinese general population under the COVID-19 crisis. The CPSS-10 and CPSS-14 both have strong psychometric properties, but the CPSS-10 would have more utility because it is shorter than the CPSS-14. However, the CPSS-4 is an acceptable alternative when administration time is limited.

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Bruxism and Stress Among Veterans With Gulf War Illness

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usaa374 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kandis Carter ◽

Carly T McKenzie

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Military Service ◽

Online Survey ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Gulf War ◽

Gulf War Illness ◽

Perceived Stress Scale ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Teeth Grinding

ABSTRACT Introduction This study explores perceived stress and experience with bruxism among veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI). Stress may manifest physically as bruxism, a parafunctional oral activity that consists of teeth grinding and/or clenching. Materials and Methods An online survey of GWI veterans (n = 28, 27.7% response rate) assessed perceived general stress and self-reported behaviors, symptoms, and outcomes associated with bruxism. Survey questions also collected basic demographic data and past military experience. The appropriate Institutional Review Board approved this study (IRB-300001376). Statistical analyses utilized both analysis of variance and linear regression techniques in addition to descriptive statistics. Results This sample of GWI veterans reported higher levels of perceived stress (M = 20.2, SD = 7.0) than general population males (M = 12.1, SD = 5.9). A majority of GWI veterans reported both grinding (77.8%) and clenching (85.2%) teeth on a weekly or daily basis. Grinding frequency did not predict perceived stress scale values (F = 2.38, P = .11). Clenching frequency did significantly predict perceived stress scale values (F = 4.07, P = .03). Those who reported daily clenching had significantly higher perceived stress scores (M = 22.17, SD = 5.87) than did those who reported never clenching (M = 12.00, SD = 5.35). Length of military service did not significantly predict perceived stress or bruxism experience. Conclusions GWI veterans reported higher levels of perceived stress in comparison with that of general population males. Both the high frequency of teeth grinding and clenching in these patients is a potential physical manifestation of the high perceived stress levels reported. It is imperative that both military and civilian dentists and physicians are aware of the potential for increased stress and consequently bruxism in this patient population as it can have negative impacts on oral and mental health. Treatment of these patients can include but is not limited to behavior modification, stress reduction training, and the fabrication of mouth guards. The dental and medical implications of bruxism and stress in veterans with GWI should be further investigated.

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Psychometric properties and correlates of Chinese version of Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS-10) in people with common mental disorders with different employment Statuses

Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy ◽

10.1177/15691861211032318 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 156918612110323

Author(s):

Sam Shih ◽

Ashley Chan ◽

Eva Yeung ◽

Amily Tsang ◽

Rose Chiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Chinese Version ◽

Perceived Stress Scale ◽

Stress Scale

Background/objectives Several studies have indicated that stress is associated with common mental disorders, and work stress trebles the risk of developing them. However, a validated assessment tool for measuring and establishing psychological stress correlates in this group of clients remains unavailable. The objectives of the present study were to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (CPSS-10) on people with common mental disorders with different employment statuses and explore its correlates. Methods Two hundred and fifty-two participants with common mental disorders were recruited. The data were analysed through exploratory factor and confirmatory analyses to investigate construct validity. The convergent and discriminant validities were examined based on their correlation with other measures, while the internal consistency was estimated using Cronbach’s α coefficient. A t-test was used to detect differences between groups. The CPSS-10 correlates were explored using multiple linear regression analysis. Results Principal component analysis with varimax rotation yielded two factors, which accounted for 63.82% of the total variance, while confirmatory factor analysis confirmed its factor structure. The CPSS-10 had a positively moderate to strong correlation with other measures, thereby indicating its acceptable convergent and discriminant validities. The internal consistency ranged from acceptable to good for the two subscales and ten overall items, while the item-total correlation was adequate except for the seventh item. There were no group differences in gender nor employment status. Finally, the CPSS-10 predictors were studied. Conclusion The CPSS-10 is a reliable and valid instrument for people with common mental disorders with different employment statuses.

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Psychometric Evaluation of the Perceived Stress Scale in Multiple Sclerosis

ISRN Rehabilitation ◽

10.1155/2013/608356 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Salene M. Wu ◽

Dagmar Amtmann

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Factor Model ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Psychometric Evaluation ◽

General Factor ◽

Perceived Stress Scale ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Two Factors ◽

Mental And Physical Health

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive disease characterized by neurological symptoms and sometimes heightened levels of distress. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is often used in MS samples to measure stress but has not been validated in this population. Participants (n=446) completed the PSS as well as measure of depression, anxiety, and mental and physical health. Factor analyses indicated that the general factor of a bifactor model accounted for a large amount of the variance in the 14-item and 10-item versions of the PSS. The 4-item PSS had two factors, the Stress subscale and the Coping subscale, but a one-factor model also fits the data well. Total scores and both subscales had sufficient reliability and validity for all versions of the PSS, although a few items of the 14-item PSS had low item-total correlations. This study supports the use of the total score of the PSS in MS but also suggests that the 10-item PSS had better psychometric properties than the 14-item PSS.

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Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Perceived Stress Scale Measures

Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health ◽

10.1007/s44197-021-00014-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 377-388

Author(s):

Nuha Alwaqdani ◽

Hala A. Amer ◽

Reem Alwaqdani ◽

Fahad AlMansour ◽

Hind A. Alzoman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Online Survey ◽

High Stress ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Perceived Stress Scale ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Stress Scale ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Stress Levels

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has been stressful and of considerable concern among health care workers (HCWs). Being particularly at increased risk for exposure, HCWs worry about becoming infected as well as infecting co-workers, patients and family members. Such distress and panic may have destructive effects on individuals and may last long after the pandemic situation leading to depression or post-traumatic stress disorder. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to measure and investigate the prevalence of the factors affecting psychological stress during the COVID-19 pandemic among HCWs. Methods A self-administered online survey—including perceived stress scale (PSS) questions—was disseminated among HCWs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (SA) between1st June and 30th July 2020. Results A total of 469 HCWs responded to the survey for a high response rate (93.8%). The PSS revealed that 15.8% of the respondents were suffering from high stress levels, 77.2% were suffering from moderate stress levels and 7% with low stress levels. Females and junior frontline staff reported more severe stress levels. Participation on the pandemic team shows significant impact on stress levels. Conclusion COVID-19 pandemic has increased stress levels among HCWs and affects their psychological wellbeing. Designing programs promoting HCWs mental health are crucial and emotional and psychological support strategies should be part of every public health crisis management plan.

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