clinical populations
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Author(s):  
Anastasiya Ivanova-Serokhvostova ◽  
Beatriz Molinuevo ◽  
David Torrents-Rodas ◽  
Albert Bonillo ◽  
Iris Pérez-Bonaventura ◽  
...  

AbstractDeficits in fear conditioning related to psychopathy have been widely studied in adults. However, evidence in children and adolescents is scarce and inconsistent. This research aimed to expand knowledge about fear conditioning in psychopathy and its dimensions in child and early adolescent clinical populations. Participants were 45 boys (outpatients) aged 6–14 years (M = 10.59, SD = 2.04). They were assessed with the parents’ and teachers’ versions of the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI). A fear conditioning paradigm (Neumann et al., in Biological Psychology, 79(3), 337–342, 2008) for children and adolescents was used. Conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS-) were geometric shapes and the unconditioned stimulus (US) was an unpleasant sound of metal scraping on slate (83 dB). Difference scores (CS+ minus CS-) in skin conductance responses (SCR) and self-reported cognitive and affective measures were considered as indices of fear conditioning. Results showed that: a) deficits in fear conditioning were related to some psychopathy dimensions but not to psychopathy as a unitary construct; b) the Impulsivity-Need for Stimulation dimension was a predictor of impaired fear conditioning at a cognitive level; c) the interaction of Callous-Unemotional and Impulsivity-Need for Stimulation dimensions was a significant predictor of impaired electrodermal fear conditioning; d) by contrast, the Grandiose-Deceitful dimension, was marginally associated with a greater electrodermal fear conditioning. In conclusion, psychopathy dimensions and their interactions, but not psychopathy as a whole, predicted deficits in fear conditioning as measured by SCR and cognitive indices. These findings confirm the notion that psychopathic traits are associated with deficits in fear conditioning in child and adolescent clinical populations and provide support for a multidimensional approach to youth psychopathy.


2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Lampit ◽  
Nathalie H. Launder ◽  
Ruth Minkov ◽  
Alice Rollini ◽  
Christopher G. Davey ◽  
...  

Abstract Background People with depression often present with concurrent cognitive impairment. Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is a safe and efficacious strategy to maintain or enhance cognitive performance in a range of clinical populations. However, its efficacy in people with depression and how it varies across populations and design factors are currently unclear. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO from inception to 13 July 2021 for randomised controlled trials examining the efficacy of CCT vs any control condition on cognitive, mood, psychiatric symptoms, psychosocial, and daily functioning in adults with depression. Eligible samples include studies specifically targeting people with major depressive disorder as well as those with other diagnoses where at least 50% of the sample meets the clinical criteria for depression, with the exception of major psychiatric disorders or dementia. The primary outcome is change in the overall cognitive performance. Multivariate analyses will be used to examine the effect sizes on each outcome category as well as possible effect modifiers and correlations between categories. The risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool version 2. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first systematic review and meta-analysis of narrowly defined CCT across clinical populations with depression. We aim to investigate not only whether CCT is efficacious for cognition, but also how such effects vary across design factors, what other clinically relevant outcomes might respond to CCT, and the extent to which they differ across populations. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020204209


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1572
Author(s):  
Christine Schillings ◽  
Dana Schultchen ◽  
Olga Pollatos

Background: There is an increasing body of research supporting the idea that cardiac interoceptive accuracy (IAc) can be improved by training. Findings concerning the effects of a single yoga session on IAc and the related construct emotional experience are sparse. The aim of this study was to examine if a single yoga session increases IAc and improves emotional experience. Methods: 137 students were randomly assigned to a 20-min yoga session (n = 47), an endurance session (n = 46), or an inactive control condition (n = 44). IAc and emotional experience were assessed before and after the sessions. Results: There were no significant changes in IAc, or positive and negative affect. IAc at baseline and the change in positive effect were found as predictors for IAc after the yoga session. Conclusion: A 20-min yoga session seems to be not applicable to improve IAc and emotional experience. Future studies should investigate long-term interventions and diverse healthy and clinical populations.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Brobbin ◽  
Paolo Deluca ◽  
Sofia Hemrage ◽  
Colin Drummond

BACKGROUND There are a range of wearable transdermal alcohol sensors (TAS) available and currently being developed. These devices have the potential to be able to monitor alcohol consumption continuously, over extended time periods in an objective manner, overcoming some of the limitations of other alcohol measurement methods (blood, breath and urine). OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to assess their accuracy. METHODS A systematic search was conducted of the CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus bibliographic databases in February 2021. Two members of the study team independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Each study methodological quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. The primary outcome was TAS accuracy. The data is presented as a narrative synthesis. RESULTS We identified and analysed 32 studies. Study designs included: laboratory and ambulatory, mixed and RCTs and the length the device was worn ranged from days to weeks. Five studies included used more than one brand of TAS. Results for transdermal alcohol concentration data from various TAS were generally found to be positively correlated with BrAC, BAC and self-report. The WrisTAS and BACtrack prototype reported higher malfunctions and noise within data files compared to SCRAM however these devices also report a reduced time lag for transdermal alcohol concentration values than SCRAM. It was also found that many companies were developing new models of TAS devices. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of research investigating the accuracy of TAS as a tool to monitor alcohol consumption within clinical populations and use over extended periods of time. While there is some preliminary evidence suggesting the accuracy of these devices this needs to be further investigated with clinical populations. CLINICALTRIAL Systematic review registration: CRD42021231027


Author(s):  
Weize Huang ◽  
Lindsay C. Czuba ◽  
Jennifer A. Manuzak ◽  
Jeffrey N. Martin ◽  
Peter W. Hunt ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kickan Roed ◽  
Eik Dybboe Bjerre ◽  
Julie Midtgaard

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that community-based exercise programs and sports participation benefit long-term physical activity adherence and promote health in clinical populations. Recent research shows that community-based soccer can improve mental health and bone health and result in fewer hospital admissions in men with prostate cancer. However, little knowledge exists on what coaches experience, leading to a scarcity of knowledge on how to assist them in promoting and supporting the sustainability of programs. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of non-professional soccer coaches in providing community-based soccer training for men with prostate cancer. Results We interviewed 13 out of 21 eligible non-professional soccer coaches in charge of delivering the Football Club Prostate Community program, which is community-based soccer training for men with prostate cancer at 12 local soccer clubs across Denmark. Qualitative content analysis, as described by Graneheim and Lundman, was applied to analyze the data using NVivo 12 software. We identified the five following overall categories with 10 subcategories on what the coaches experienced: (1) enabling training of a clinical population in a community setting, (2) dedication based on commitment, (3) coaching on the players’ terms, (4) navigating the illness, and (5) ensuring sustainability. Collectively, the findings suggest that, while the coaches felt adequately prepared to coach, their coaching role developed and was refined only through interaction with the players, indicating that coaching clinical populations may be easier in practice than in theory and a potentially transformative learning experience. Conclusions Non-professional soccer coaches in charge of delivering soccer training for men with prostate cancer value being educated about specific illness-related issues. Initial concerns about how to coach a clinical population disappeared once the coaches engaged with the players and developed their own team norms and illness management strategies. They also gained a broader perspective on their own lives, which they valued and would not otherwise have achieved by coaching a healthy population. Our study indicates that sustainable implementation and the program’s sustainability can be promoted and supported through additional formal, easily accessible communication with trained health professionals and by networking with peer coaches.


JCI Insight ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louisa Helms ◽  
Silvia Marchiano ◽  
Ian B. Stanaway ◽  
Tien-Ying Hsiang ◽  
Benjamin A. Juliar ◽  
...  

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