scholarly journals Chitosan–Carboxymethylcellulose-Based Polyelectrolyte Complexation and Microcapsule Shell Formulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadish Roy ◽  
Ada Ferri ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Guan Jinping ◽  
Fabien Salaün
Keyword(s):  
Process Conditions ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Electrostatic Deposition ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Core Content ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Complexation ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium ◽  
Shell Formulation

Chitosan (CH)–carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (NaCMC) microcapsules containing paraffin oil were synthesized by complex formation, and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GTA). The electrostatic deposition of NaCMC onto the CH-coated paraffin oil emulsion droplets was demonstrated by zeta potential and optical microscopy. The optimal process conditions were identified in terms of pH of the aqueous solution (5.5) and CH/NaCMC mass ratio (1:1). Encapsulation of paraffin oil and microcapsule morphology were analyzed by ATR-FTIR and SEM, respectively. The effect of GTA crosslinking on paraffin oil latent heat was investigated by DSC and combined with the values of encapsulation efficiency and core content, supporting the compact shell formation.

scholarly journals Continuous Integrated Process of Biodiesel Production and Purification—The End of the Conventional Two-Stage Batch Process?

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Matea Bačić ◽  
Anabela Ljubić ◽  
Martin Gojun ◽  
Anita Šalić ◽  
Ana Jurinjak Tušek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Integrated Process ◽  
Free Glycerol ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Glycerol Content

In this research, optimization of the integrated biodiesel production process composed of transesterification of edible sunflower oil, catalyzed by commercial lipase, with simultaneous extraction of glycerol from the reaction mixture was performed. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used in this integrated process as the reaction and extraction media. For two systems, choline chloride:glycerol (ChCl:Gly) and choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG), respectively, the optimal water content, mass ratio of the phase containing the mixture of reactants (oil and methanol) with an enzyme and a DES phase (mass ratio of phases), and the molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent constituents were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). Experiments performed with ChCl:Gly resulted in a higher biodiesel yield and higher glycerol extraction efficiency, namely, a mass ratio of phases of 1:1, a mass fraction of water of 6.6%, and a molar ratio of the ChCl:Gly of 1:3.5 were determined to be the optimal process conditions. When the reaction was performed in a batch reactor under the optimal conditions, the process resulted in a 43.54 ± 0.2% yield and 99.54 ± 0.19% glycerol extraction efficiency (t = 2 h). Unfortunately, the free glycerol content was higher than the one defined by international standards (wG > 0.02%); therefore, the process was performed in a microsystem to enhance the mass transfer. Gaining the same yield and free glycerol content below the standards (wG = 0.0019 ± 0.003%), the microsystem proved to be a good direction for future process optimization.

Direct Observation of Splitting in Oil-In-Water-In-Oil Emulsion Droplets via a Microchannel Mimicking Membrane Pores

Langmuir ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (49) ◽  
pp. 14087-14092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuki Akamatsu ◽  
Koki Minezaki ◽  
Masumi Yamada ◽  
Minoru Seki ◽  
Shin-ichi Nakao
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

Photonic Microbeads Templated by Oil‐in‐Oil Emulsion Droplets for High Saturation of Structural Colors

Small ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2105225
Author(s):  
Jong Hyun Kim ◽  
Jong Bin Kim ◽  
Ye Hun Choi ◽  
Sanghyuk Park ◽  
Shin‐Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
High Saturation

Mineralization of water-in-oil emulsion droplets

2004 ◽  
Vol 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Fornasieri ◽  
Stéphane Badaire ◽  
Rénal Vasco Backov ◽  
Philippe Poulin ◽  
Cécile Zakri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Emulsion Systems ◽  
Oil Water ◽  
Silica Precursor ◽  
Concentration Threshold ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Soluble Surfactant

Using reverse emulsion systems, we were able to trigger mineralization confined at an oil-water interface. In this process, the alcoxide silica precursor is dissolved in the oil continuous phase of the emulsion and diffuses through the bulk to the interface where it starts to hydrolyze and condense as soon as a certain concentration threshold is attained. The process takes place only in the presence of a water soluble surfactant inside the droplet. This surfactant leads to the presence of a controlled mesoporosity inside the silica shells. The obtained objects could be used in different encapsulation applications.

scholarly journals Spatial RNA proximities reveal a bipartite nuclear transcriptome and territories of differential density and transcription elongation rates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Morf ◽  
Steven W. Wingett ◽  
Irene Farabella ◽  
Jonathan Cairns ◽  
Mayra Furlan-Magaril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Differential Density ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Nascent Transcripts

AbstractSpatial transcriptomics aims to understand how the ensemble of RNA molecules in tissues and cells is organized in 3D space. Here we introduce Proximity RNA-seq, which enriches for nascent transcripts, and identifies contact preferences for individual RNAs in cell nuclei. Proximity RNA-seq is based on massive-throughput RNA-barcoding of sub-nuclear particles in water-in-oil emulsion droplets, followed by sequencing. We show a bipartite organization of the nuclear transcriptome in which compartments of different RNA density correlate with transcript families, tissue specificity and extent of alternative splicing. Integration of proximity measurements at the DNA and NA level identify transcriptionally active genomic regions with increased nucleic acid density and faster RNA polymerase II elongation located close to compact chromatin.

Formulation Development of Multilayered Fish Oil Emulsion by using Electrostatic Deposition of Charged Biopolymers

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon-Ji Jo ◽  
Ji-Yeon Chun ◽  
Yun-Joong Kwon ◽  
Sang-Gi Min ◽  
Mi-Jung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Electrostatic Deposition ◽  
Secondary Layer

Abstract Multilayered fish oil (FO) emulsions were manufactured by using the layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition method to improve the physical or oxidation stability. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon oil) was added into the emulsion system because it can mask fishy flavors and functions as an antioxidant. To develop the FO emulsion formulation, the composition of emulsifier and biopolymer for stable FO emulsions was determined by using the modified critical micelle concentration principle. In our study, the selected concentrations of coating materials were 1.25% Tween 20 (primary layer), 0.1% chitosan (secondary layer), and 0.2% low methoxyl pectin (tertiary layer). All FO emulsions were physically stable resulting in small particles below 300 nm with a narrow size distribution. Furthermore, the oxidation stability of multilayered FO emulsions decreased with decreasing number of membrane layers because FO was released from layered emulsions. However, trans-cinnamaldehyde had no antioxidant effect on FO emulsions. These data suggest that although cinnamon oil has no effect on the oxidation stability, the physical and oxidation stability of FO can be improved by using multilayered emulsions containing Tween 20, chitosan, and low methoxyl pectin.

Monodisperse Water-in-Water-in-Oil Emulsion Droplets

ChemPhysChem ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Yasukawa ◽  
Eiji Kamio ◽  
Tsutomu Ono
Keyword(s):  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Emulsion Droplets ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

scholarly journals ASPERMATOGENESIS IN THE GUINEA PIG INDUCED BY TESTICULAR TISSUE AND ADJUVANTS

1953 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Freund ◽  
Murray M. Lipton ◽  
George E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Testicular Damage ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Paraffin Oil ◽  
Testicular Injury ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion ◽  
Germinal Cells

The injection into the dorsal skin of a suspension of guinea pig testis or spermia incorporated in a water-in-oil emulsion containing killed mycobacteria induces aspermatogenesis in guinea pigs. The injury begins with the inhibition of the maturation of spermia and proceeds through the degeneration and exfoliation of spermatids, spermatocytes, and finally spermatogonia. These germinal cells pass from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis. The process is not associated with inflammation. No significant changes occur in the intertubular spaces and the Leydig cells do not seem to be affected. The seminal vesicles and the prostate remain normal. The aspermatogenesis may begin in 10 days and it lasts for more than 5 months. The process may lead to atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and fibrosis. Guinea pigs which receive a suspension of their own testis or spermia and adjuvants develop a similar injury. The "mitochondrial" fraction of the testis of guinea pig is effective while repeated injections of alcoholic extract of testis emulsified with paraffin oil containing mycobacteria do not cause aspermatogenesis. The presence of acid-fast bacilli in the water-in-oil emulsion containing testis or spermia seems to be essential for the production of testicular lesions; the injection of antigen and mycobacteria into different sites is ineffective. When guinea pig testis is replaced by guinea pig liver or kidney or rabbit testis no testicular damage occurs. The injection of rabbit spinal cord combined with adjuvants results in allergic encephalomyelitis in a large proportion of guinea pigs, accompanied by a great loss of weight. The testes of a few of these animals show a varying degree of aspermatogenesis. When guinea pig brain is combined with adjuvants and administered subcutaneously the incidence of testicular injury is high, although the damage is, in general, mild. From the standpoint of mechanism, the inhibition of spermatogenesis which occurs in these animals may be unrelated to the injury which follows the injection of germinal cells. Aspermatogenesis follows the injection of killed mycobacteria in paraffin oil into the testis as well as into certain sites related to the gonad: the abdominal cavity, the subcutaneous tissue over the abdomen, and the skin of the inguinal region. Antibodies fixing complement in the presence of spermia are demonstrable in the sera of guinea pigs injected with testis or spermia and adjuvants. When the mycobacteria are omitted the titers are low and no testicular injury occurs. Although there seems to be a correlation between testicular damage and complement-fixing titer, this may not be a causal relationship. Antibodies which neutralize guinea pig hyaluronidase and those which immobilize spermia have also been demonstrated in the sera of these guinea pigs.

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