Selective Binding of Cyclodextrins with Leflunomide and Its Pharmacologically Active Metabolite Teriflunomide

The selectivity of encapsulation of leflunomide and teriflunomide by native α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins was investigated through 1H NMR and molecular modeling. Thermodynamic analysis revealed the main driving forces involved in the binding. For α-cyclodextrin, the partial encapsulation was obtained while deep penetration was characterized for the other two cyclodextrins, where the remaining polar fragment of the molecule is located outside the macrocyclic cavity. The interactions via hydrogen bonding are responsible for high negative enthalpy and entropy changes accompanying the complexation of cyclodextrins with teriflunomide. These results were in agreement with the molecular modeling calculations, which provide a clearer picture of the involved interactions at the atomic level.

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Direct measurement of enthalpy and entropy changes in NH3 promoted O2 activation over Cu‐CHA at low temperature

ChemCatChem ◽

10.1002/cctc.202100253 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xueting Wang ◽

Lin Chen ◽

Peter N. R. Vennestrøm ◽

Ton V. W. Janssens ◽

Jonas Jansson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Direct Measurement ◽

O2 Activation ◽

Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy

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Thermodynamics of Protonation and Sodium Binding of Sulfate in Concentrated NaCl and CsCl Solutions Studied by Raman Spectroscopy

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch00011 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 363 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Steven Kratsis ◽

Glenn Hefter ◽

Peter M. May ◽

Pal Sipos

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Excellent Agreement ◽

Thermodynamic Data ◽

Association Constant ◽

Protonation Constant ◽

Ion Pairing ◽

Ion Pair ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy ◽

Sodium Binding

The protonation constant (pKa) of SO42–(aq) has been determined at ionic strengths 0.5 M ≤I ≤4.0 M in NaCl and CsCl media at 25˚C by using Raman spectroscopy. These data were used to calculate the association constant of the NaSO4–(aq) ion pair in CsCl media. The results are in excellent agreement with previous values obtained by other techniques. The (pKa) was also measured at I = 4 M in both media at temperatures up to 85˚C and the associated enthalpy and entropy changes were calculated. However, reliable thermodynamic data for the ion-pairing reaction could not be obtained at higher temperatures probably because of competition from CsSO4–(aq).

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Sex-dependent pharmacokinetics of S(−)-hydroxyhexamide, a pharmacologically active metabolite of acetohexamide, in rats

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00177-1 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 133 (4) ◽

pp. 587-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yorishige Imamura ◽

Miho Kaneko ◽

Hidenori Takada ◽

Masaki Otagiri ◽

Hideaki Shimada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Active Metabolite ◽

Pharmacologically Active

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Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity and Cellular Metabolism of a Potential Prodrug of the Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate 9-R-(2-Phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA), Bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl)PMPA

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.42.3.612 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 612-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 219

Author(s):

Brian L. Robbins ◽

Ranga V. Srinivas ◽

Choung Kim ◽

Norbert Bischofberger ◽

Arnold Fridland

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Active Metabolite ◽

Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽

Activated Lymphocytes ◽

Blood Lymphocytes ◽

Virus Activity ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Resting Lymphocytes ◽

Pharmacologically Active

ABSTRACT Bis(isopropyloxymethylcarbonyl) 9-R-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine [bis(POC)PMPA] has been identified as a novel prodrug of PMPA. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of bis(POC)PMPA was >100-fold greater than that of PMPA in both an established T-cell line and primary peripheral blood lymphocytes. This improved efficacy was shown to be due to a rapid intracellular uptake of the prodrug resulting in an increased intracellular accumulation of PMPA diphosphate (PMPApp), the pharmacologically active metabolite. PMPApp levels in bis(POC)PMPA-treated cells exceeded by >1,000-fold the levels seen in cells treated with unmodified PMPA in both resting and activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Significant differences in the intracellular catabolism of PMPA metabolites were noted between the resting and activated lymphocytes. The half-life for the disappearance of PMPApp, derived from either bis(POC)PMPA or PMPA, was 12 to 15 h in the activated lymphocytes and 33 to 50 h in the resting lymphocytes. This long persistence of PMPApp, particularly in resting lymphocytes, may be unique to the nucleoside phosphonate analogs and indicates that effective levels of the active metabolite can be achieved and maintained with relatively infrequent administration of the parent drug.

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Thermodynamic Properties of Rare Earth Complexes. V. Free Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy Changes for the Formation of Rare Earth Acetate Complexes in 5 volume per cent Water/Methanol.

Acta Chemica Scandinavica ◽

10.3891/acta.chem.scand.21-0347 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 347-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ingmar Grenthe ◽

David R. Williams ◽

Åke Nilsson ◽

Jan Sandström ◽

H. Theorell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Energy ◽

Rare Earth ◽

Thermodynamic Properties ◽

Rare Earth Complexes ◽

Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy

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La cuentística erótica de Jaramillo Levi a través de sus máquinas deseantes

LETRAS ◽

10.15359/rl.1-49.10 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 147-161

Author(s):

Fátima R. Nogueira

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

Human Body ◽

Driving Forces ◽

The Other ◽

Death Instinct ◽

Deleuze And Guattari ◽

Sexual Drive ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

Se estudia la narrativa de Jaramillo Levi centrada en la relación entre el erotismo y la muerte, desde el intercambio de dos fuerzas que actúan en la producción del deseo: una, de naturaleza libidinosa e inconsciente, la otra de filiación social. Estos relatos exploran el vínculo entre las pulsiones sexuales y el instinto de la muerte revelando el exceso y la violencia ocultos en el erotismo; además, plasman la magnitud del deseo que al exceder los límites del cuerpo y del individuo deviene una experiencia de la sexualidad inhumana reafirmada sólo por un campo saturado de intensidades y vibraciones. Partiendo de la teoría lacaniana del deseo, y de conceptos de Deleuze y Guattari, en los relatos tal encuentro de fuerzas objetiviza el sujeto y cuestiona la noción antropomórfica de sexualidad. This study deals with Jaramillo Levi’s short stories centered on the relationship between eroticism and death, examining the exchange of two driving forces which create desire. The nature of one of these forces is unconscious and libidinous while the other is social. These stories explore the link between sexual drive and the death instinct, disclosing overindulgence and violence hidden behind eroticism. In addition, they depict the magnitude of desire, which upon exceeding the boundaries of the human body and the individual, becomes an experience of inhuman sexuality that can reaffirm itself only in a field permeated with intensity and vibrations. Considering Lacan’s theory of desire and other concepts from Deleuze and Guattari, the exchange of forces in these stories objectifies the subject and questions the anthropomorphic notion of sexuality.

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CALCULATION OF THE STANDARD GIBBS FREE ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND ENTROPY CHANGES FOR THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP AT 0°, 25°, 37°, and 75°

Horizons of Bioenergetics ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-618940-7.50017-3 ◽

1972 ◽

pp. 135-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Robert A. Alberty

Keyword(s):

Free Energy ◽

Gibbs Free Energy ◽

Standard Gibbs Free Energy ◽

Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy Changes ◽

Enthalpy And Entropy ◽

Hydrolysis Of

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Determination of tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine (Anafranil), in plasma by a specific radioimmunoassay procedure.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/24.1.36 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 36-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G F Read ◽

D Riad-Fahmy

Keyword(s):

Bovine Serum Albumin ◽

Active Metabolite ◽

Antidepressant Drug ◽

Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽

Chromatographic Purification ◽

Throughput Rate ◽

Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽

Pharmacologically Active ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract A radioimmunoassay is reported for the tricyclic antidepressant drug, clomipramine (Anafranil, Geigy). Antisera generated in rabbits to clomipramine conjugated to bovine serum albumin at positions 10 and 11 were specific, cross reacting less than 5% with the pharmacologically active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. Specificity was confirmed by the good agreement in titres observed when the samples were assayed with and without a pre-assay thin-layer chromatographic purification. Intra- and inter-assay variations were less than 8 and 13%, respectively, with a sensitivity of 175 ng/liter. Results obtained agreed well with those reported by other groups using double radioisotope derivative assays. The method has a high throughput rate, one technician can assay 200 samples in duplicate in a working week; and it is sufficiently precise, sensitive, and specific for use in routine minitoring of the drug in plasma and for checking patient compliance with dosage regimen.

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Analysis of the Effects of Electrification of the Road Transport Sector on the Possible Penetration of Nuclear Fusion in the Long-Term European Energy Mix

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13143634 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3634

Author(s):

Daniele Lerede ◽

Chiara Bustreo ◽

Francesco Gracceva ◽

Yolanda Lechón ◽

Laura Savoldi

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Nuclear Fusion ◽

Energy System ◽

Road Transport ◽

The Other ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Deep Penetration ◽

The Road

The European Roadmap towards the production of electricity from nuclear fusion foresees the potential availability of nuclear fusion power plants (NFPPs) in the second half of this century. The possible penetration of that technology, typically addressed by using the global energy system EUROFusion TIMES Model (ETM), will depend, among other aspects, on its costs compared to those of the other available technologies for electricity production, and on the future electricity demand. This paper focuses on the ongoing electrification process of the transport sector, with special attention devoted to road transport. A survey on the present and forthcoming technologies, as foreseen by several manufacturers and other models, and an international vehicle database are taken into account to develop the new road transport module, then implemented and harmonized inside ETM. Following three different storylines, the computed results are presented in terms of the evolution of the road transport demand in the next decades, fleet composition and CO 2 emissions. The ETM results are in line with many other studies. On one hand, they highlight, for the European road transport energy consumption pattern, the need for dramatic changes in the transport market, if the most ambitious environmental goals are to be pursued. On the other hand, the results also show that NFPP adoption on a commercial scale could be justified within the current projection of the investment costs, if the deep penetration of electricity in the road transport sector also occurs.

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