scholarly journals The Footprint of Kynurenine Pathway in Neurodegeneration: Janus-Faced Role in Parkinson’s Disorder and Therapeutic Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6737
Author(s):  
Tapan Behl ◽  
Ishnoor Kaur ◽  
Aayush Sehgal ◽  
Sukhbir Singh ◽  
Saurabh Bhatia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Suitable Target ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
The Brain

Progressive degeneration of neurons and aggravation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta results in the loss of dopamine in the brain of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Numerous therapies, exhibiting transient efficacy have been developed; however, they are mostly accompanied by side effects and limited reliability, therefore instigating the need to develop novel optimistic treatment targets. Significant therapeutic targets have been identified, namely: chaperones, protein Abelson, glucocerebrosidase-1, calcium, neuromelanin, ubiquitin-proteasome system, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the kynurenine pathway (KP). The role of KP and its metabolites and enzymes in PD, namely quinolinic acid (QUIN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid (3-HAA), kunurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), etc. has been reported. The neurotoxic QUIN, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonist, and neuroprotective KYNA—which antagonizes QUIN actions—primarily justify the Janus-faced role of KP in PD. Moreover, KP has been reported to play a biomarker role in PD detection. Therefore, the authors detail the neurotoxic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory neuroactive components, alongside the upstream and downstream metabolic pathways of KP, forming a basis for a therapeutic paradigm of the disease while recognizing KP as a potential biomarker in PD, thus facilitating the development of a suitable target in PD management.

scholarly journals Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDD) Caused by Genomic Alterations of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS): the Possible Contribution of Immune Dysregulation to Disease Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Ebstein ◽  
Sébastien Küry ◽  
Jonas Johannes Papendorf ◽  
Elke Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Proteasome Subunits ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
E2 Enzymes ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Brain

Over thirty years have passed since the first description of ubiquitin-positive structures in the brain of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. Meanwhile, the intracellular accumulation of ubiquitin-modified insoluble protein aggregates has become an indisputable hallmark of neurodegeneration. However, the role of ubiquitin and a fortiori the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) is much less described. In this article, we review all reported monogenic forms of NDD caused by lesions in genes coding for any component of the UPS including ubiquitin-activating (E1), -conjugating (E2) enzymes, ubiquitin ligases (E3), ubiquitin hydrolases, and ubiquitin-like modifiers as well as proteasome subunits. Strikingly, our analysis revealed that a vast majority of these proteins have a described function in the negative regulation of the innate immune response. In this work, we hypothesize a possible involvement of autoinflammation in NDD pathogenesis. Herein, we discuss the parallels between immune dysregulation and neurodevelopment with the aim at improving our understanding the biology of NDD and providing knowledge required for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Exercise Training-Increased FBXO32 and FOXO1 in a Gender-Dependent Manner in Mild Cognitively Impaired African Americans: GEMS-1 Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fikru B. Bedada ◽  
Oyonumo E. Ntekim ◽  
Evaristus O. Nwulia ◽  
Thomas V. Fungwe ◽  
Sheeba Raaj Nadarajah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gender Specific

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and FOXOs transcription factors play a pivotal role in cellular clearance and minimizing the accumulation of Aβ in neurodegeneration (ND). In African Americans (AAs) with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the role of components of UPS and FOXOs; and whether they are amenable to exercise effects is unknown. We hypothesized that exercise can enhance cellular clearance systems during aging and ND by increasing expressions of FBXO32 and FOXO1. To test this hypothesis, we used TaqMan gene expression analysis in peripheral blood (PB) to investigate the component of UPS and FOXOs; and provide mechanistic insight at baseline, during exercise, and in both genders. At baseline, levels of FBXO32 were higher in women than in men. In our attempt to discern gender-specific exercise-related changes, we observed that levels of FBXO32 increased in men but not in women. Similarly, levels of FOXO1 increased in men only. These data suggest that a graded dose of FBXO32 and FOXO1 may be beneficial when PB cells carrying FBXO32 and FOXO1 summon into the brain in response to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) perturbation (docking station PB cells). Our observation is consistent with emerging studies that exercise allows the trafficking of blood factors. Given the significance of FBXO32 and FOXO1 to ND and associated muscle integrity, our findings may explain, at least in part, the benefits of exercise on memory, associated gait, and balance perturbation acknowledged to herald the emergence of MCI.

scholarly journals TTC3-Mediated Protein Quality Control, A Potential Mechanism for Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhou ◽  
Xiongjin Chen ◽  
Tingting Hong ◽  
Miaoping Zhang ◽  
Yujie Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Quality Control ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Repeat Domain ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Domain 3

AbstractThe tetrapeptide repeat domain 3 (TTC3) gene falls within Down's syndrome (DS) critical region. Cognitive impairment is a common phenotype of DS and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and overexpression of TTC3 can accelerate cognitive decline, but the specific mechanism is unknown. The TTC3-mediated protein quality control (PQC) mechanism, similar to the PQC system, is divided into three parts: it acts as a cochaperone to assist proteins in folding correctly; it acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3s) involved in protein degradation processes through the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS); and it may also eventually cause autophagy by affecting mitochondrial function. Thus, this article reviews the research progress on the structure, function, and metabolism of TTC3, including the recent research progress on TTC3 in DS and AD; the role of TTC3 in cognitive impairment through PQC in combination with the abovementioned attributes of TTC3; and the potential targets of TTC3 in the treatment of such diseases.

Amyloid Beta

2019 ◽  
pp. 235-251
Author(s):  
Abhinav Anand ◽  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Monica Gulati ◽  
Navneet Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
Brain Acetylcholine ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD), exhibiting accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide as a foremost protagonist, is one of the top five causes of deaths. It is a neurodegenerative disorder (ND) that causes a progressive decline in memory and cognitive abilities. It is characterized by deposition of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the neurons, which in turn causes a decline in the brain acetylcholine levels. Aβ hypothesis is the most accepted hypothesis pertaining to the pathogenesis of AD. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is constitutively present in brain and it is cleaved by three proteolytic enzymes (i.e., alpha, beta, and gamma secretases). Beta and gamma secretases cleave APP to form Aβ. Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is involved in the clearing of Aβ plaques. AD also involves impairment in UPS. The novel disease-modifying approaches involve inhibition of beta and gamma secretases. A number of clinical trials are going on worldwide with moieties targeting beta and gamma secretases. This chapter deals with an overview of APP and its enzymatic cleavage leading to AD.

Amyloid Beta

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Abhinav Anand ◽  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Monica Gulati ◽  
Navneet Khurana
Keyword(s):  
Amyloid Beta ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Causes Of Deaths ◽  
Brain Acetylcholine ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD), exhibiting accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide as a foremost protagonist, is one of the top five causes of deaths. It is a neurodegenerative disorder (ND) that causes a progressive decline in memory and cognitive abilities. It is characterized by deposition of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the neurons, which in turn causes a decline in the brain acetylcholine levels. Aβ hypothesis is the most accepted hypothesis pertaining to the pathogenesis of AD. Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is constitutively present in brain and it is cleaved by three proteolytic enzymes (i.e., alpha, beta, and gamma secretases). Beta and gamma secretases cleave APP to form Aβ. Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is involved in the clearing of Aβ plaques. AD also involves impairment in UPS. The novel disease-modifying approaches involve inhibition of beta and gamma secretases. A number of clinical trials are going on worldwide with moieties targeting beta and gamma secretases. This chapter deals with an overview of APP and its enzymatic cleavage leading to AD.

Protein Quality Control in Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Yasmeena Akhter ◽  
Jahangir Nabi ◽  
Hinna Hamid ◽  
Nahida Tabassum ◽  
Faheem Hyder Pottoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Protein Quality Control ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Security System ◽  
Conformational Disorders ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Multi Level

Proteostasis is essential for regulating the integrity of the proteome. Disruption of proteostasis under some rigorous conditions leads to the aggregation and accumulation of misfolded toxic proteins, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of protein conformational disorders. The protein quality control (PQC) system serves as a multi-level security system to shield cells from abnormal proteins. The intrinsic PQC systems maintaining proteostasis include the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA), and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) that serve to target misfolded proteins for unfolding, refolding, or degradation. Alterations of PQC systems in neurons have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter provides an overview of PQC pathways to set a framework for discussion of the role of PQC in neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, various pharmacological approaches targeting PQC are summarized.

scholarly journals Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of MCL1 in cancer: deciphering chemoresistance mechanisms and providing potential therapeutic options

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Wu ◽  
Qingyu Luo ◽  
Zhihua Liu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
E3 Ligases ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

Abstract MCL1 is an important antiapoptotic member of the BCL-2 family that is distinguishable from other family members based on its relatively short half-life. Emerging studies have revealed the crucial role of MCL1 in the chemoresistance of cancer cells. The antiapoptotic function of MCL1 makes it a popular therapeutic target, although specific inhibitors have begun to emerge only recently. Notably, emerging studies have reported that several E3 ligases and deubiquitinases modulate MCL1 stability, providing an alternate means of targeting MCL1 activity. In addition, the emergence and development of proteolysis-targeting chimeras, the function of which is based on ubiquitination-mediated degradation, has shown great potential. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies investigating the ubiquitination and deubiquitination of MCL1, summarize the latest evidence regarding the development of therapeutic strategies targeting MCL1 in cancer treatment, and discuss the promising future of targeting MCL1 via the ubiquitin–proteasome system in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Effects of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 deficiency on mouse ova

Reproduction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayaka Koyanagi ◽  
Hiroko Hamasaki ◽  
Satoshi Sekiguchi ◽  
Kenshiro Hara ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome

Maternal proteins are rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system during oocyte maturation in mice. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) is highly and specifically expressed in mouse ova and is involved in the polyspermy block. However, the role of UCHL1 in the underlying mechanism of polyspermy block is poorly understood. To address this issue, we performed a comprehensive proteomic analysis to identify maternal proteins that were relevant to the role of UCHL1 in mouse ova using UCHL1-deficientgad. Furthermore, we assessed morphological features ingadmouse ova using transmission electron microscopy. NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing (NALP) family proteins and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones were identified by proteomic analysis. We also found that the ‘maternal antigen that embryos require’ (NLRP5 (MATER)) protein level increased significantly ingadmouse ova compared with that in wild-type mice. In an ultrastructural study,gadmouse ova contained less ER in the cortex than in wild-type mice. These results provide new insights into the role of UCHL1 in the mechanism of polyspermy block in mouse ova.

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