scholarly journals Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) in Physiological and Pathological Processes within the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8682
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Karpiesiuk ◽  
Katarzyna Palus
Keyword(s):  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Cytoprotective Effect ◽  
Neoplastic Processes ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Pleiotropic Action ◽  
Tract Function ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and many peripheral organs, such as the digestive tract, endocrine, reproductive and respiratory systems, where it plays different regulatory functions and exerts a cytoprotective effect. The multifarious physiological effects of PACAP are mediated through binding to different G protein-coupled receptors, including PAC1 (PAC1-R), VPAC1 (VPAC1-R) and VPAC2 (VPAC2-R) receptors. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, PACAP plays an important regulatory function. PACAP stimulates the secretion of digestive juices and hormone release, regulates smooth muscle contraction, local blood flow, cell migration and proliferation. Additionally, there are many reports confirming the involvement of PACAP in pathological processes within the GI tract, including inflammatory states, neuronal injury, diabetes, intoxication and neoplastic processes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the distribution and pleiotropic action of PACAP in the control of GI tract function and its cytoprotective effect in the course of GI tract disorders.

scholarly journals Postulated Role of Vasoactive Neuropeptide-Related Immunopathology of the Blood Brain Barrier and Virchow-Robin Spaces in the Aetiology of Neurological-Related Conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Staines ◽  
E. W. Brenu ◽  
S. Marshall-Gradisnik
Keyword(s):  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Immunological Homeostasis

Vasoactive neuropeptides (VNs) such as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) have critical roles as neurotransmitters, vasodilators including perfusion and hypoxia regulators, as well as immune and nociception modulators. They have key roles in blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) including maintaining functional integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood spinal barrier (BSB). VNs are potent activators of adenylate cyclase and thus also have a key role in cyclic AMP production affecting regulatory T cell and other immune functions. Virchow-Robin spaces (VRSs) are perivascular compartments surrounding small vessels within the CNS and contain VNs. Autoimmunity of VNs or VN receptors may affect BBB and VRS function and, therefore, may contribute to the aetiology of neurological-related conditions including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. VN autoimmunity will likely affect CNS and immunological homeostasis. Various pharmacological and immunological treatments including phosphodiesterase inhibitors and plasmapheresis may be indicated.

scholarly journals Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-27 – like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the mucosal layer of canine gastrointestinal tract in physiology and during inflammatory bowel disease

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Gonkowski ◽  
Andrzej Rychlik ◽  
Jarosław Całka
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Descending Colon ◽  
Labelling Immunofluorescence

Abstract Changes in the density of mucosal pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-27 -like immunoreactive (PACAP-27 - LI) nerve fibers within various parts of the canine gastrointestinal (GI) tract during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were investigated. The distribution of nerves were studied, using a single-labelling immunofluorescence technique, in the mucosal layer of canine stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and descending colon. Canine IBD caused an increase in the density of PACAP- 27-LI mucosal nerves in all studied parts of GI tract. The results suggest that PACAP in the nervous system may be involved in pathological processes during IBD.

scholarly journals Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptors Mediating Insulin Secretion in Rodent Pancreatic Islets Are Coupled to Adenylate Cyclase But Not to PLC

Endocrinology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1253-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francoise Jamen ◽  
Raymond Puech ◽  
Joel Bockaert ◽  
Philippe Brabet ◽  
Gyslaine Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase
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