Selected Applications of Chitosan Composites

Chitosan is one of the emerging materials for various applications. The most intensive studies have focused on its use as a biomaterial and for biomedical, cosmetic, and packaging systems. The research on biodegradable food packaging systems over conventional non-biodegradable packaging systems has gained much importance in the last decade. The deacetylation of chitin, a polysaccharide mainly obtained from crustaceans and shrimp shells, yields chitosan. The deacetylation process of chitin leads to the generation of primary amino groups. The functional activity of chitosan is generally owed to this amino group, which imparts inherent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity to the chitosan. Further, since chitosan is a naturally derived polymer, it is biodegradable and safe for human consumption. Food-focused researchers are exploiting the properties of chitosan to develop biodegradable food packaging systems. However, the properties of packaging systems using chitosan can be improved by adding different additives or blending chitosan with other polymers. In this review, we report on the different properties of chitosan that make it suitable for food packaging applications, various methods to develop chitosan-based packaging films, and finally, the applications of chitosan in developing multifunctional food packaging materials. Here we present a short overview of the chitosan-based nanocomposites, beginning with principal properties, selected preparation techniques, and finally, selected current research.

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Advances in nanotechnology and antibacterial properties of biodegradable food packaging materials

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ra02922j ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (35) ◽

pp. 20467-20484 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Heba Mohamed Fahmy ◽

Rana Essam Salah Eldin ◽

Esraa Samy Abu Serea ◽

Nourhan Mamdouh Gomaa ◽

Gehad M. AboElmagd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Biodegradable Packaging ◽

Food Packaging Materials

Herein, we aim to summarize the major recent findings in food biodegradable packaging materials that include nanotechnology either directly or indirectly.

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New Method for the Determination of Free Amino Groups in Intact Pure Proteins: Relationship to Available Lysine

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/59.6.1251 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 1251-1254

Author(s):

James M Purcell ◽

Daniel J Quimby ◽

James R Cavanaugh

Keyword(s):

Bovine Serum Albumin ◽

Bovine Serum ◽

Free Amino ◽

Amino Group ◽

Amino Groups ◽

Primary Amino ◽

Available Lysine ◽

Β Lactoglobulin ◽

Group Concentration

Abstract A new rapid method for the quantitative and routine determination of free amino groups in intact pure proteins has been developed. Primary amino groups are labeled with fluorescamine and the labeled groups are detected by absorption spectroscopy in the range 375–390 nm. The amino group concentration can be determined in a few minutes without hydrolyzing the labeled protein and extracting a lysine derivative. The method was tested with the following proteins: lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, bovine serum albumin, ribonuclease, ribonuclease-S-peptide, and αsl-rasciii B. Application of this method to the estimation of available lysine is discussed.

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Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials and Prospects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for Tomato Fruit and Product Handling

International Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1155/2020/8879101 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

S. M. Chisenga ◽

G. N. Tolesa ◽

T. S. Workneh

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Sensor Systems ◽

Biodegradable Packaging ◽

Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽

Food Packaging Materials ◽

The Common

The environment and food safety are major areas of concern influencing the development of biodegradable packaging for partial replacement of petrochemical-based polymers. This review is aimed at updating the recent advances in biodegradable packaging material and the role of virtual technology and nanotechnology in the tomato supply chain. Some of the common biodegradable materials are gelatin, starch, chitosan, cellulose, and polylactic acid. The tensile strength, tear resistance, permeability, degradability, and solubility are some of the properties defining the selection and utilization of food packaging materials. Biodegradable films can be degraded in soil by microbial enzymatic actions and bioassimilation. Nanoparticles are incorporated into blended films to improve the performance of packaging materials. The prospects of the fourth industrial revolution can be realized with the use of virtual platforms such as sensor systems in authentification and traceability of food and packaging products. There is a research gap on the development of a hybrid sensor system unit that can integrate sampling headspace (SHS), detection unit, and data processing of big data for heterogeneous tomato-derived volatiles. Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and artificial neutral network (ANN) are some of the common mathematical models for data interpretation of sensor systems.

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Production of Bioplastic and Sustainable Packaging Materials from Rice Straw to Eradicate Stubble Burning (A Mini Review)

Environment Conservation Journal ◽

10.36953/ecj.2020.21301 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Mukul Sain

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Management Option ◽

Agricultural Residue ◽

Biodegradable Packaging ◽

The Government ◽

Commercial Research ◽

Degradation Properties ◽

Stubble Burning

India is the second-largest producer of rice, which plays an important role in the GDP of the nation, but the burning of rice straw is one of the most severe issues, which the country is facing. The government has tightly regulated this practice, and the farmers are usually advised to incorporate the residue in the soil, but this management option is minimal because of its slow degradation properties in the soil and may also foster rice diseases. A lot of lab-scale and commercial research studies have been conducted on rice straw-based nanocomposites, but rice straw-based bioplastic is a much superior latest technology that is not much explored. Only a few researchers have worked on making biodegradable bioplastic packaging materials from rice straw. The developed technology not only eradicates the pollution problems caused because of stubble burning but also resolves the problem of synthetic plastic packs, which is another major issue worldwide as 40% of the total plastic is used in food packaging. The current study is aimed to explore the feasibility of this agricultural residue to get converted into useful biodegradable packaging materials that can work for agroecological and sustainable development.

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β β' β"-Triaminotriethylamine and its complex metallic compounds

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character ◽

10.1098/rspa.1925.0137 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 109 (751) ◽

pp. 444-458 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Keyword(s):

General Type ◽

Type I ◽

Amino Group ◽

Amino Groups ◽

Basic Properties ◽

Metallic Compounds ◽

Primary Amino ◽

Tertiary Amino ◽

Trivalent Metals

We have recently shown (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ A, 1924, vol. 107, p. 80) that 1:2:3-triaminopropane forms co-ordination compounds with certain trivalent metals, such as cobalt and rhodium; these compounds are of the general type of bis -propanetriamine cobaltic chloride, [Co 2(NH 2 .CH(CH 2 .NH 2 ) 2 )] Cl 3 , in accordance with Werner’s theory of co-ordination. In these compounds the triaminopropane behaves in a similar way to ethylenediamine, each amino-group taking part in the formation of the co-ordinated radicle. It is thus seen that the grouping, NH 2 .CH 2 .CH.NH 2 , which is present twice in the triamino- propane molecule, behaves for co-ordination purposes in the same way as the molecule of ethylenediamine, NH 2 .CH 2 .CH 2 .NH 2 . This analogy in behaviour appears worthy of further investigation, and we have therefore studied the manner in which β β' β"-triaminotriethylamine, N(CH 2 .CH 2 .NH 2 ) 3 , co-ordinates with the metals; in this substance the grouping, NH 2 .CH 2 .CH 2 .N:, occurs three times, but it would seem that the presence of the three primary amino-groups has greatly diminished the basic properties of the tertiary amino-radicle, since Ristenpart (‘Ber.,’ 1896, vol. 29, p. 2530) obtained only salts in which the substance acts as a tribasic amine. It might thus be anticipated that co-ordinated salts of the type I would be formed.

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Active biodegradable packaging films modified with grape seeds lignin

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d0ra04074f ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (49) ◽

pp. 29202-29213

Author(s):

Pavel Vostrejs ◽

Dana Adamcová ◽

Magdalena Daria Vaverková ◽

Vojtech Enev ◽

Michal Kalina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Grape Seeds ◽

Packaging Films ◽

Biodegradable Packaging ◽

Negative Environmental Impact

Biodegradable packaging materials represent one possible solution for how to reduce the negative environmental impact of plastics.

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Utilization of Agro-Industrial Wastes as Edible Coating and Films for Food Packaging Materials

10.5772/intechopen.99786 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Urmila Choudhary ◽

Basant Kumar Bhinchhar ◽

Vinod Kumar Paswan ◽

Sheela Kharkwal ◽

Satya Prakash Yadav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Edible Films ◽

Food Preservation ◽

Solid Wastes ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Edible Coatings ◽

Biodegradable Packaging ◽

Synthetic Materials

Mostly, food packaging employs synthetic materials obtained from nonrenewable sources. These packaging materials are based on petrochemicals and cause substantial environmental problems by producing massive amounts of non-biodegradable solid wastes. Edible coatings and films are considered as the potential solution to these problems of non-biodegradable packaging solid wastes for maintaining food-environment interactions, retaining food quality, and extending shelf life. In addition, edible coatings and films offer prevention from microbial spoilage of packed foods by controlling moisture and gas barrier characteristics. Increasing environmental concerns and consumer demands for high-quality eco-friendly packaging have fueled the advancement of innovative packaging technologies, for instance, the development of biodegradable films from renewable agricultural and food processing industry wastes. Therefore, the current chapter presents the application of edible coatings and films as an alternative to conventional packaging, emphasizing the fundamental characterization that these biodegradable packaging should hold for specific applications such as food preservation and shelf life enhancement. The primary employed components (e.g., biopolymers, bioactive, and additives components), manufacturing processes (for edible films or coatings), and their application to specific foods have all been given special consideration in this chapter. Besides, a future vision for the use of edible films and coatings as quality indicators for perishable foods is presented.

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Evaluation of the Influence of Various Biodegradable Packaging Materials on the Quality and Shelf Life of Different Food Products

Proceedings of the Latvia University of Agriculture ◽

10.2478/plua-2013-0011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 20-34

Author(s):

Lija Dukalska ◽

Eva Ungure ◽

Ingrida Augspole ◽

Sandra Muizniece-Brasava ◽

Vita Levkane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Food Products ◽

Packaging Materials ◽

Black Currant ◽

Transparent Films ◽

Biodegradable Packaging ◽

Soft Cheese ◽

Essential Contribution

Abstract The aim of the present research was to summarize the results of investigations carried out on the influence of different biodegradable polymer packaging materials on the shelf life and quality of several food products during storage. In Latvia, most of consumers consider that polymers as a material for food packaging are overly used, and they support the idea of introducing new eco-friendly food packaging. Biodegradable films were investigated for their ability to extend the shelf life of apple salad and minimally processed shredded carrots stored at 4 °C. It was found that they can guaranty the same as or even a longer shelf life than that provided by conventional polymer films. Bio PLA transparent films, thermoformed PLA containers, and cellulose-based films were tested for fresh produce packaging. Ceramis®-PLA-SiOx barrier coated films were tested for their influence on the quality of food products - rye bread, apple-black currant marmalade candies, and soft cheese Kleo - during storage. PLA and PHB films showed satisfactory results for packaging of perishable foods - salad with meat in mayonnaise. Ceramis®-PLA-SiOx films were used for vacuum packaging and also for mild thermal treatment (Sous vide) of soft cheese, providing its prolonged shelf life. Some BoPLA films specially envisaged for packaging of confectionery were tested for milk pomade sweet - sherbet - packaging. Its quality was evaluated mainly by moisture content and by changes in hardness during storage. The results suggest that biodegradable packaging materials can be a successful alternative to the conventional polymers for packaging of several food products, which could provide an essential contribution in reducing the environmental pollution.

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Aldehyde gold clusters for molecular labeling

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010014066x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 858-859

Author(s):

James F. Hainfeld ◽

Frederic R. Furuya

Keyword(s):

Covalent Bond ◽

Aldehyde Group ◽

Gold Clusters ◽

Side Reactions ◽

Amino Groups ◽

Sodium Cyanoborohydride ◽

Schiff’S Base ◽

Protein Molecules ◽

Hydroxysuccinimide Esters ◽

Primary Amino

Glutaraldehyde is a useful tissue and molecular fixing reagents. The aldehyde moiety reacts mainly with primary amino groups to form a Schiff's base, which is reversible but reasonably stable at pH 7; a stable covalent bond may be formed by reduction with, e.g., sodium cyanoborohydride (Fig. 1). The bifunctional glutaraldehyde, (CHO-(CH2)3-CHO), successfully stabilizes protein molecules due to generally plentiful amines on their surface; bovine serum albumin has 60; 59 lysines + 1 α-amino. With some enzymes, catalytic activity after fixing is preserved; with respect to antigens, glutaraldehyde treatment can compromise their recognition by antibodies in some cases. Complicating the chemistry somewhat are the reported side reactions, where glutaraldehyde reacts with other amino acid side chains, cysteine, histidine, and tyrosine. It has also been reported that glutaraldehyde can polymerize in aqueous solution. Newer crosslinkers have been found that are more specific for the amino group, such as the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, and are commonly preferred for forming conjugates. However, most of these linkers hydrolyze in solution, so that the activity is lost over several hours, whereas the aldehyde group is stable in solution, and may have an advantage of overall efficiency.

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