scholarly journals Editorial for Special Issue: Test and Evaluation Methods for Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Andreas Keinath ◽  
Nadja Schömig ◽  
Katharina Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Vehicle Automation

Today, OEMs and suppliers can rely on commonly agreed and standardized test and evaluation methods for in-vehicle human–machine interfaces (HMIs). These have traditionally focused on the context of manually driven vehicles and put the evaluation of minimizing distraction effects and enhancing usability at their core (e.g., AAM guidelines or NHTSA visual-manual distraction guidelines). However, advances in automated driving systems (ADS) have already begun to change the driver’s role from actively driving the vehicle to monitoring the driving situation and being ready to intervene in partially automated driving (SAE L2). Higher levels of vehicle automation will likely only require the driver to act as a fallback ready user in case of system limits and malfunctions (SAE L3) or could even act without any fallback within their operational design domain (SAE L4). During the same trip, different levels of automation might be available to the driver (e.g., L2 in urban environments, L3 on highways). These developments require new test and evaluation methods for ADS, as available test methods cannot be easily transferred and adapted. The shift towards higher levels of vehicle automation has also moved the discussion towards the interaction between automated and non-automated road users using exterior HMIs. This Special Issue includes theoretical papers a well as empirical studies that deal with these new challenges by proposing new and innovative test methods in the evaluation of ADS HMIs in different areas.

Preface to the Special Issue on Human Factors and Advanced Vehicle Automation: Of Benefits, Barriers, and Bridges to Safe and Effective Implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
William J. Horrey ◽  
John D. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vehicle Technology ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Near Future

Objective The aim of this special issue is to bring together the latest research related to driver interaction with various types of vehicle automation. Background Vehicle technology has undergone significant progress over the past decade, bringing new support features that can assist the driver and take on more and more of the driving responsibilities. Method This issue is comprised of eight articles from international research teams, focusing on different types of automation and different user populations, including driver support features through to highly automated driving systems. Results The papers comprising this special issue are clustered into three categories: (a) experimental studies of driver interactions with advanced vehicle technologies; (b) analysis of existing data sources; and (c) emerging human factors issues. Studies of currently available and pending systems highlight some of the human factors challenges associated with the driver–system interaction that are likely to become more prominent in the near future. Moreover, studies of more nascent concepts (i.e., those that are still a long way from production vehicles) underscore many attitudes, perceptions, and concerns that will need to be considered as these technologies progress. Conclusions Collectively, the papers comprising this special issue help fill some gaps in our knowledge. More importantly, they continue to help us identify and articulate some of the important and potential human factors barriers, design considerations, and research needs as these technologies become more ubiquitous.

scholarly journals Standardized Test Procedure for External Human–Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kaß ◽  
Stefanie Schoch ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Andreas Keinath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces

Research on external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) has recently become a major area of interest in the field of human factors research on automated driving. The broad variety of methodological approaches renders the current state of research inconclusive and comparisons between interface designs impossible. To date, there are no standardized test procedures to evaluate and compare different design variants of eHMIs with each other and with interactions without eHMIs. This article presents a standardized test procedure that enables the effective usability evaluation of eHMI design solutions. First, the test procedure provides a methodological approach to deduce relevant use cases for the evaluation of an eHMI. In addition, we define specific usability requirements that must be fulfilled by an eHMI to be effective, efficient, and satisfying. To prove whether an eHMI meets the defined requirements, we have developed a test protocol for the empirical evaluation of an eHMI with a participant study. The article elucidates underlying considerations and details of the test protocol that serves as framework to measure the behavior and subjective evaluations of non-automated road users when interacting with automated vehicles in an experimental setting. The standardized test procedure provides a useful framework for researchers and practitioners.

scholarly journals Usability Evaluation—Advances in Experimental Design in the Context of Automated Driving Human–Machine Interfaces

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deike Albers ◽  
Jonas Radlmayr ◽  
Alexandra Loew ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Testing Environments

The projected introduction of conditional automated driving systems to the market has sparked multifaceted research on human–machine interfaces (HMIs) for such systems. By moderating the roles of the human driver and the driving automation system, the HMI is indispensable in avoiding side effects of automation such as mode confusion, misuse, and disuse. In addition to safety aspects, the usability of HMIs plays a vital role in improving the trust and acceptance of the automated driving system. This paper aggregates common research methods and findings based on an extensive literature review. Empirical studies, frameworks, and review articles are included. Findings and conclusions are presented with a focus on study characteristics such as test cases, dependent variables, testing environments, or participant samples. These methods and findings are discussed critically, taking into consideration requirements for usability assessments of HMIs in the context of conditional automated driving. The paper concludes with a derivation of recommended study characteristics framing best practice advice for the design of experiments. The advised selection of scenarios and metrics will be applied in a future validation study series comprising a driving simulator experiment and three real driving experiments on test tracks in Germany, the USA, and Japan.

Safety Enhancement by Automated Driving: What are the Relevant Scenarios?

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1686-1690
Author(s):  
Niklas Grabbe ◽  
Michael Höcher ◽  
Alexander Thanos ◽  
Klaus Bengler
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Road Traffic Safety ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Safety Enhancement

Automated driving offers great possibilities in traffic safety advancement. However, evidence of safety cannot be provided by current validation methods. One promising solution to overcome the approval trap (Winner, 2015) could be the scenario-based approach. Unfortunately, this approach still results in a huge number of test cases. One possible way out is to show the current, incorrect path in the argumentation and strategy of vehicle automation, and focus on the systemic mechanisms of road traffic safety. This paper therefore argues the case for defining relevant scenarios and analysing them systemically in order to ultimately reduce the test cases. The relevant scenarios are based on the strengths and weaknesses, in terms of the driving task, for both the human driver and automation. Finally, scenarios as criteria for exclusion are being proposed in order to systemically assess the contribution of the human driver and automation to road safety.

Analysis of the Reasons of Driving Wandering and Research of Solution Methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 795-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Jiong Xu ◽  
Xue Xun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Feature Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Feature ◽  
Vehicle Dynamic ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Solution Methods

Through research of vehicle dynamic feature, analysis and research of the problem of driving wandering by user retroactions, the article put forward some test and evaluation methods of driving wandering. And the article is discussed about main reasons and solutions of driving wandering in-depth.

Use Cases for Assessing, Testing, and Validating the Human Machine Interface of Automated Driving Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1873-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Katharina Wiedemann ◽  
Nadja Schömig ◽  
Andreas Keinath
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Increasing Demand

Reflecting the increasing demand for harmonization of human machine interfaces (HMI) of automated vehicles, different taxonomies of use cases for investigating automated driving systems (ADS) have been proposed. Existing taxonomies tend to serve specific purposes such as categorizing transitions between automation modes; however, they cannot be generalized to different systems or combinations of systems. In particular, there is no exhaustive set of use cases that allows entities to assess and validate the HMI of a given ADS that takes into account all possible system modes and transitions. The present paper describes a newly developed framework based on combinatorics of SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) automation levels that incorporates a comprehensive taxonomy of use cases required for the assessment and validation of ADS HMIs. This forms a much-needed basis for test methods required to verify whether an HMI meets minimum requirements such as those outlined in the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Federal Automated Vehicles policy.

scholarly journals Introduction to special issue: an exploration of child and youth care pedagogy and curriculum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanne Jean-Pierre ◽  
Sandrina de Finney ◽  
Natasha Blanchet-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Situated Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Youth Care ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Preservice Education ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Child And Youth Care

This special issue aims to explore Canadian pedagogical and curricular practices in child and youth care and youth work preservice education with an emphasis on empirical and applied studies that centre students’ perspectives of learning. The issue includes a theoretical reflection and empirical studies with students, educators, and practitioners from a range of postsecondary programs in Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. The empirical articles use various methodologies to explore pedagogical and curricular approaches, including Indigenous land- and water-based pedagogies, ethical settler frontline and teaching practices, the pedagogy of the lightning talk, novel-based pedagogy, situated learning, suicide prevention education, and simulation-based teaching. These advance our understanding of accountability and commitment to Indigenous, decolonial, critical, experiential, and participatory praxis in child and youth care postsecondary education. In expanding the state of knowledge about teaching and learning in child and youth care, we also aspire to validate interdisciplinary ways of learning and knowing, and to spark interest in future research that recognizes the need for education to be ethical, critically engaged, creatively experiential, and deeply culturally and environmentally relevant. Keywords: child and youth care (CYC), youth work, human/social services, pedagogy, curriculum, higher education, praxis, preservice education

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