scholarly journals Standardized Test Procedure for External Human–Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kaß ◽  
Stefanie Schoch ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Andreas Keinath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces

Research on external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) has recently become a major area of interest in the field of human factors research on automated driving. The broad variety of methodological approaches renders the current state of research inconclusive and comparisons between interface designs impossible. To date, there are no standardized test procedures to evaluate and compare different design variants of eHMIs with each other and with interactions without eHMIs. This article presents a standardized test procedure that enables the effective usability evaluation of eHMI design solutions. First, the test procedure provides a methodological approach to deduce relevant use cases for the evaluation of an eHMI. In addition, we define specific usability requirements that must be fulfilled by an eHMI to be effective, efficient, and satisfying. To prove whether an eHMI meets the defined requirements, we have developed a test protocol for the empirical evaluation of an eHMI with a participant study. The article elucidates underlying considerations and details of the test protocol that serves as framework to measure the behavior and subjective evaluations of non-automated road users when interacting with automated vehicles in an experimental setting. The standardized test procedure provides a useful framework for researchers and practitioners.

scholarly journals Test Procedures for Establishing the Altitude Performance of Turbofan Engines to Validate Contractual Guarantees

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Significant Time ◽  
Turbofan Engines ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
High Level

The facilities at The National Gas Turbine Establishment for direct-connect tests on turbofans and turbojets at conditions simulating flight at altitude are briefly described. The measurements that have to be made to establish performance within the prescribed limits required for contractual guarantees are derived. Techniques are discussed for eliminating the effect of small, but significant, time-variant changes which occur in the quantities being measured due to unsteadiness in instrumentation, engine and test conditions. Methods evolved for ensuring continuing operation of the instrumentation and data gathering system at the required high level of accuracy are outlined. A standardized test procedure (Test Code) for establishing contract guarantee performance at NGTE is discussed with illustrative examples.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Co-Simulation Framework for Testing of Automated Driving Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demin Nalic ◽  
Aleksa Pandurevic ◽  
Arno Eichberger ◽  
Branko Rogic
Keyword(s):  
Test Procedure ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Test Scenarios

The increasingly used approach of combining different simulation software for testing of automated driving systems (ADS) increases the need for potential and convenient software designs. Recently developed co-simulation platforms (CSP) provide the possibility to cover the high demand on testing kilometres for ADS by combining vehicle simulation with traffic flow simulation software (TFSS) environments. Having chosen a suitable CSP rises up the question how the test procedures should be defined and constructed and what are the relevant test scenarios. Parameters of the ADS in vehicle simulation, traffic parameter in TFSS and combination of all these can be used for the definition of test scenarios. Thus the automation of a process, consisting of vehicle and traffic parameters and a suitable CSP, a test procedure for ADS should be well designed and implemented. This paper presents the design and implementation of a complex co-simulation framework for virtual ADS testing combining IPG CarMaker and PTV Vissim.

scholarly journals Editorial for Special Issue: Test and Evaluation Methods for Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Andreas Keinath ◽  
Nadja Schömig ◽  
Katharina Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Standardized Test ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test And Evaluation ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Vehicle Automation

Today, OEMs and suppliers can rely on commonly agreed and standardized test and evaluation methods for in-vehicle human–machine interfaces (HMIs). These have traditionally focused on the context of manually driven vehicles and put the evaluation of minimizing distraction effects and enhancing usability at their core (e.g., AAM guidelines or NHTSA visual-manual distraction guidelines). However, advances in automated driving systems (ADS) have already begun to change the driver’s role from actively driving the vehicle to monitoring the driving situation and being ready to intervene in partially automated driving (SAE L2). Higher levels of vehicle automation will likely only require the driver to act as a fallback ready user in case of system limits and malfunctions (SAE L3) or could even act without any fallback within their operational design domain (SAE L4). During the same trip, different levels of automation might be available to the driver (e.g., L2 in urban environments, L3 on highways). These developments require new test and evaluation methods for ADS, as available test methods cannot be easily transferred and adapted. The shift towards higher levels of vehicle automation has also moved the discussion towards the interaction between automated and non-automated road users using exterior HMIs. This Special Issue includes theoretical papers a well as empirical studies that deal with these new challenges by proposing new and innovative test methods in the evaluation of ADS HMIs in different areas.

scholarly journals Methodological Approach towards Evaluating the Effects of Non-Driving Related Tasks during Partially Automated Driving

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Hollander ◽  
Nadine Rauh ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Josef F. Krems ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Lateral Control ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Level 2

Partially automated driving (PAD, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) level 2) features provide steering and brake/acceleration support, while the driver must constantly supervise the support feature and intervene if needed to maintain safety. PAD could potentially increase comfort, road safety, and traffic efficiency. As during manual driving, users might engage in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). However, studies systematically examining NDRT execution during PAD are rare and most importantly, no established methodologies to systematically evaluate driver distraction during PAD currently exist. The current project’s goal was to take the initial steps towards developing a test protocol for systematically evaluating NDRT’s effects during PAD. The methodologies used for manual driving were extended to PAD. Two generic take-over situations addressing system limits of a given PAD regarding longitudinal and lateral control were implemented to evaluate drivers’ supervisory and take-over capabilities while engaging in different NDRTs (e.g., manual radio tuning task). The test protocol was evaluated and refined across the three studies (two simulator and one test track). The results indicate that the methodology could sensitively detect differences between the NDRTs’ influences on drivers’ take-over and especially supervisory capabilities. Recommendations were formulated regarding the test protocol’s use in future studies examining the effects of NDRTs during PAD.

scholarly journals Comparison of Tensile Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Rebars by Testing According to Various Standards

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4110
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wiater ◽  
Tomasz Siwowski
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Gfrp Bars ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced

The widespread use of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars in reinforced concrete (RC) elements has yet been limited due to the anisotropic and non-homogeneous material behaviour of GFRP. The material characteristics of GFRP bars from different manufacturers vary as a function of several factors. Several standards have developed various procedures to investigate the mechanical characteristics of GFRP bars, but universal methods to test different types and diameters of GFRP bars in tension have not been fully developed. Due to the lack of such a standardized test procedure, there are some doubts and gaps in terms of the behaviour of GFRP bars in tension, which has led to lack of reliable information on their tensile properties. The determination of tensile characteristics of GFRP bars, including the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and ultimate strain, according to various test standards, is the main subject of the paper. This paper reports test results for tensile characterization obtained on four types of GFRP bars from four manufacturers with six various diameters. Moreover, the study compares various test procedures according to seven standards to characterize the tensile properties of GFRP bars, to examine the proposed test procedures, and to reveal main differences.

scholarly journals How Many Participants Are Required for Validation of Automated Vehicle Interfaces in User Studies?

Information ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Yannick Forster ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Andreas Keinath
Keyword(s):  
User Study ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
User Studies ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Validation And Verification ◽  
Machine Interaction ◽  
Respective Number

Empirical validation and verification procedures require the sophisticated development of research methodology. Therefore, researchers and practitioners in human–machine interaction and the automotive domain have developed standardized test protocols for user studies. These protocols are used to evaluate human–machine interfaces (HMI) for driver distraction or automated driving. A system or HMI is validated in regard to certain criteria that it can either pass or fail. One important aspect is the number of participants to include in the study and the respective number of potential failures concerning the pass/fail criteria of the test protocol. By applying binomial tests, the present work provides recommendations on how many participants should be included in a user study. It sheds light on the degree to which inferences from a sample with specific pass/fail ratios to a population is permitted. The calculations take into account different sample sizes and different numbers of observations within a sample that fail the criterion of interest. The analyses show that required sample sizes increase to high numbers with a rising degree of controllability that is assumed for a population. The required sample sizes for a specific controllability verification (e.g., 85%) also increase if there are observed cases of fails in regard to the safety criteria. In conclusion, the present work outlines potential sample sizes and valid inferences about populations and the number of observed failures in a user study.

Reliability of Laboratory Tests for the Control of Oral Anticoagulation

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 483-491
Author(s):  
E. A Loeliger ◽  
M. J Boekhout-Mussert ◽  
L. P van Halem-Visser ◽  
J. D. E Habbema ◽  
H de Jonge
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Discrimination Power ◽  
Power Of The Test ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Low Sensitivity

SummaryThe present study concerned the reproducibility of the so-called prothrombin time as assessed with a series of more commonly used modifications of the Quick’s onestage assay procedure, i.e. the British comparative reagent, homemade human brain thromboplastin, Simplastin, Simplastin A, and Thrombotest. All five procedures were tested manually on pooled lyophilized normal and patients’ plasmas. In addition, Simplastin A and Thrombotest were investigated semiautomatically on individual freshly prepared patients’ plasmas. From the results obtained, the following conclusions may be drawn :The reproducibility of results obtained with manual reading on lyophilized plasmas is satisfactory for all five test procedures. For Simplastin, the reproducibility of values in the range of insufficient anticoagulation is relatively low due to the low discrimination power of the test procedure in the near-normal range (so-called low sensitivity of rabbit brain thromboplastins). The reproducibility of Thrombotest excels as a consequence of its particularly easily discerned coagulation endpoint.The reproducibility of Thrombotest, when tested on freshly prepared plasmas using Schnitger’s semiautomatic coagulometer (a fibrinometer-liJce apparatus), is no longer superior to that of Simplastin A.The constant of proportionality between the coagulation times formed with Simplastin A and Thrombotest was estimated at 0.64.Reconstituted Thrombotest is stable for 24 hours when stored at 4° C, whereas reconstituted Simplastin A is not.The Simplastin A method and Thrombotest seem to be equally sensitive to “activation” of blood coagulation upon storage.

Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Transport

2020 ◽  
pp. 667-683
Author(s):  
Bryant Walker Smith
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Question ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Policy Solutions

This chapter highlights key ethical issues in the use of artificial intelligence in transport by using automated driving as an example. These issues include the tension between technological solutions and policy solutions; the consequences of safety expectations; the complex choice between human authority and computer authority; and power dynamics among individuals, governments, and companies. In 2017 and 2018, the U.S. Congress considered automated driving legislation that was generally supported by many of the larger automated-driving developers. However, this automated-driving legislation failed to pass because of a lack of trust in technologies and institutions. Trustworthiness is much more of an ethical question. Automated vehicles will not be driven by individuals or even by computers; they will be driven by companies acting through their human and machine agents. An essential issue for this field—and for artificial intelligence generally—is how the companies that develop and deploy these technologies should earn people’s trust.

scholarly journals Automated vehicles and the morality of post-collision behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Krügel ◽  
Matthias Uhl ◽  
Bryn Balcombe
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Collision Detection ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Data Provision

AbstractWe address the considerations of the European Commission Expert Group on the ethics of connected and automated vehicles regarding data provision in the event of collisions. While human drivers’ appropriate post-collision behavior is clearly defined, regulations for automated driving do not provide for collision detection. We agree it is important to systematically incorporate citizens’ intuitions into the discourse on the ethics of automated vehicles. Therefore, we investigate whether people expect automated vehicles to behave like humans after an accident, even if this behavior does not directly affect the consequences of the accident. We find that appropriate post-collision behavior substantially influences people’s evaluation of the underlying crash scenario. Moreover, people clearly think that automated vehicles can and should record the accident, stop at the site, and call the police. They are even willing to pay for technological features that enable post-collision behavior. Our study might begin a research program on post-collision behavior, enriching the empirically informed study of automated driving ethics that so far exclusively focuses on pre-collision behavior.

scholarly journals Laboratory Test to Evaluate the Resistance of Cementitious Materials to Biodeterioration in Sewer Network Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 686
Author(s):  
Amr Aboulela ◽  
Matthieu Peyre Lavigne ◽  
Amaury Buvignier ◽  
Marlène Fourré ◽  
Maud Schiettekatte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Aluminate ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Wide Range

The biodeterioration of cementitious materials in sewer networks has become a major economic, ecological, and public health issue. Establishing a suitable standardized test is essential if sustainable construction materials are to be developed and qualified for sewerage environments. Since purely chemical tests are proven to not be representative of the actual deterioration phenomena in real sewer conditions, a biological test–named the Biogenic Acid Concrete (BAC) test–was developed at the University of Toulouse to reproduce the biological reactions involved in the process of concrete biodeterioration in sewers. The test consists in trickling a solution containing a safe reduced sulfur source onto the surface of cementitious substrates previously covered with a high diversity microbial consortium. In these conditions, a sulfur-oxidizing metabolism naturally develops in the biofilm and leads to the production of biogenic sulfuric acid on the surface of the material. The representativeness of the test in terms of deterioration mechanisms has been validated in previous studies. A wide range of cementitious materials have been exposed to the biodeterioration test during half a decade. On the basis of this large database and the expertise gained, the purpose of this paper is (i) to propose a simple and robust performance criterion for the test (standardized leached calcium as a function of sulfate produced by the biofilm), and (ii) to demonstrate the repeatability, reproducibility, and discriminability of the test method. In only a 3-month period, the test was able to highlight the differences in the performances of common cement-based materials (CEM I, CEM III, and CEM V) and special calcium aluminate cement (CAC) binders with different nature of aggregates (natural silica and synthetic calcium aluminate). The proposed performance indicator (relative standardized leached calcium) allowed the materials to be classified according to their resistance to biogenic acid attack in sewer conditions. The repeatability of the test was confirmed using three different specimens of the same material within the same experiment and the reproducibility of the results was demonstrated by standardizing the results using a reference material from 5 different test campaigns. Furthermore, developing post-testing processing and calculation methods constituted a first step toward a standardized test protocol.

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