scholarly journals Returns to research and outreach for integrated pest management of western flower thrips infesting French bean and tomato in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Mujuka ◽  
H. Affognon ◽  
B.W. Muriithi ◽  
S. Subramanian ◽  
P. Irungu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Flower Thrips

AbstractThrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), is a major invasive pest that causes extensive yield losses in French bean and tomato in Kenya. Thrips management is based on the application of pesticides. In addition to increased environmental risks associated with pesticides, frequent use of these chemicals increases production costs and pesticide resistance. Furthermore, exports are restricted due to non-compliance to maximum residue levels in important consumer export markets, especially the European Union (EU). This study was conducted to estimate the potential benefits of the effectiveness of theicipe-developed strategy for control of western flower thrips before dissemination of the technology in Kenya, using the economic surplus model. We calculated the benefit–cost ratio, the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) using Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA). Assuming a maximum conservative adoption rate of 1% and a 10% discount rate for the base deterministic scenario, the NPV of the research was estimated at US$2.2 million, with an IRR of 23% and a BCR of 2.46. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the NPV, IRR and BCR increased at an increasing rate as adoption rates increased. However, as elasticities of supply and demand increased, the NPV, IRR and BCR increased at a decreasing rate. The findings demonstrate that farmers from developing countries can gain when they obtain access to suitable pest management innovations such as integrated pest management technologies. Consequently, investment in IPM technologies for suppression of western flower thrips should be enhanced.

scholarly journals The Time–Concentration–Mortality Responses of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, to the Synergistic Interaction of Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium flavoviride, Insecticides, and Diatomaceous Earth

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenchao Ge ◽  
Guangzu Du ◽  
Limin Zhang ◽  
Zhengyue Li ◽  
Guanli Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Metarhizium Flavoviride ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Median Lethal Concentrations

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest which is harmful to many cash crops globally and resistant to various insecticides. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), as biological control agents, have demonstrated a good control effect on WFT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic and pathogenicity efficacy of the fungal strain Metarhizium flavoviride WSWL51721 when distributed with diatomaceous earth (DE) and the active ingredient imidacloprid using four bioassay methods against adult and second instar larvae of WFT. The data of the four bioassays have been fitted to the time–concentration–mortality (TCM) model. The corrected mortality ranges of WFT adults were 75–100%, 82.69–100%, 78.85–100%, and 92.31–100%, and the corrected mortality ranges of WFT second instar larvae were 72.22–100%, 85.19–100%, 77.77–100%, and 100% in the four bioassays at concentrations of 1.2 × 106 to 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, respectively. At 1.2 × 108 conidia/mL, assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) had the shortest median lethal time (LT50), compared with that of assay 1 (M. flavoviride alone) for adults at 2.26 d, 2.06 d, and 1.53 d, and second instar larvae at 2.45 d, 1.70 d, and 1.41 d, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) in the four bioassays decreased within 3–10 days of inoculation. On the third day, it was found that the lowest median lethal concentrations in assays 2, 3, and 4 were 1.58 × 107, 1.13 × 107, and 3.39 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively, which were significantly different from that in assay 1 for the adults. For the second instar larvae, assays 2, 3, and 4 also had the lowest lethal concentrations and were significantly different from those of assay 1. There were significant differences in sporulation between adults and second instar larvae under the four bioassays. Our results indicate that assays 2 (M. flavoviride with DE), 3 (M. flavoviride with imidacloprid), and 4 (M. flavoviride with DE and imidacloprid) demonstrate synergistic effects on the control of both adult and second instar larvae of WFT under laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals Invasion Biology, Ecology, and Management of Western Flower Thrips

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart R. Reitz ◽  
Yulin Gao ◽  
William D.J. Kirk ◽  
Mark S. Hoddle ◽  
Kirsten A. Leiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s–1980s. The tremendous growth in international agricultural trade that developed then fostered the invasiveness of western flower thrips. We examine current knowledge regarding the biology of western flower thrips, with an emphasis on characteristics that contribute to its invasiveness and pest status. Efforts to control this pest and the tospoviruses that it vectors with intensive insecticide applications have been unsuccessful and have created significant problems because of the development of resistance to numerous insecticides and associated outbreaks of secondary pests. We synthesize information on effective integrated management approaches for western flower thrips that have developed through research on its biology, behavior, and ecology. We further highlight emerging topics regarding the species status of western flower thrips, as well as its genetics, biology, and ecology that facilitate its use as a model study organism and will guide development of appropriate management practices.

scholarly journals Behavioral Responses of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) to Visual and Olfactory Cues at Short Distances

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Ren ◽  
Shengyong Wu ◽  
Zhenlong Xing ◽  
Ruirui Xu ◽  
Wanzhi Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Olfactory Cues ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Flower Shape ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Choice Tests

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and olfactory cues associated with their foraging behaviors. In this study, the distance traveled by WFT to locate yellow cards using only visual cues and visual cues plus olfactory cues was studied first. Subsequently, preferences for colors (white, red, green, purple, yellow and blue) and patterns (triangle, rectangle, circle and flower-shape) over short distances were assessed with free-choice tests. Finally, as yellow was the most efficient color to catch WFT under laboratory conditions, the yellow flower-shape was used as the visual cue, and preferences between visual and olfactory cues were evaluated with dual choice tests. The results showed that the capture rate of WFT by visual cues decreased as selection distance increased, however capture rate remained higher with the addition of olfactory cues. The flower shape attracted the greatest number of WFT among all shapes tested. The combination of visual cues and extracted volatiles from flowering Medicago sativa L. attracted higher numbers of WFT than to the olfactory cues alone, however these were similar to visual cues alone. The presence of olfactory cues resulted in higher residence times by WFT than did the absence of olfactory cues. These results show the relative effects of visual and olfactory cues on the orientation of WFT to hosts and highlight that visual cues dominate selection behavior at short distances. These findings can be used in the development of efficient trapping products and management strategies for thrips.

scholarly journals Two-year Grower Survey of Western Flower Thrips and Tospovirus Incidence and Management in Maine Greenhouses

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 569e-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Stack ◽  
L.B. Stack ◽  
F.A. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Grower Survey

A mail survey of greenhouse growers was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the presence and importance of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, in Maine greenhouses in growing years 1993 and 1994. Respondents were licensed growers with at least 1000 ft2 (93 m2) of greenhouse growing area. The survey objectives were to develop a grower demographic profile; determine the incidence of WFT and two WFT-vectored plant viruses, tomato spotted wilt (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot (INSV); and identify current WFT management strategies. The survey shows that Maine greenhouse growers are seasonal, experienced and retail oriented. Their growing area averages less than 10,000 ft2 (929 m2) and they produce a diverse crop mix and choose to import production stock as much as propagate it themselves. Both WFT and TSWV/INSV have increased in severity in Maine greenhouses over the past 10 years. Larger, year-round greenhouses are more likely to experience infestations of WFT and higher virus incidence. An integrated pest management (IPM) strategy is employed by the majority of growers surveyed. Insecticide application is the primary tactic used to control WFT. Fewer than 4% of the growers use natural enemies to control thrips. However, 63% responded that future research in pest management should focus on biological control.

scholarly journals Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past, present and future

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanae Mouden ◽  
Kryss Facun Sarmiento ◽  
Peter GL Klinkhamer ◽  
Kirsten A Leiss
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips

PEST MANAGEMENT: EXPERIENCE IN SIX BRITISH COLUMBIA APPLE ORCHARDS

1975 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 873-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold F. Madsen ◽  
H. Fred Peters ◽  
Jerry M. Vakenti
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Treatment Thresholds ◽  
Management Experience ◽  
Campylomma Verbasci ◽  
Archips Argyrospilus

AbstractA 2-year study on management of apple pests was carried out on six orchards in the interior of British Columbia. Sample techniques and treatment thresholds were satisfactory for most pests with the exception of fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and the mirid Campylomma verbasci (Meyer). The number of chemical sprays per orchard averaged eight when the study was initiated. In 1973, the sprays required for pest control were reduced to an average of 5.6 per orchard, and in 1974, this figure was further reduced to 3.1. This reduction in chemical sprays was accomplished without an increase in insect or mite injury to fruit or foliage.

Pupation behaviour of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on potted chrysanthemum

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bruce Broadbent ◽  
Marc Rhainds ◽  
Les Shipp ◽  
Graeme Murphy ◽  
Lana Wainman
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a serious pest of greenhouse vegetable and ornamental crops across Canada (Broadbent et al. 1987). Upon completing larval development, F. occidentalis either pupates on their host plant or drops to the ground before pupation occurs (Lewis 1973). Because several soil-dwellers prey on or infect F. occidentalis pupae (Gillespie and Quiring 1990; Helyer et al. 1995), assessing the proportion of individuals that pupate on the ground is of critical importance for developing pest management strategies. The present study provides the first quantitative assessment of the pupation behaviour of F. occidentalis.

scholarly journals Genetic structure and diversity of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis in a French bean agroecosystem of Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hondelmann ◽  
J.O. Nyasani ◽  
S. Subramanian ◽  
R. Meyhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
French Bean ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Management Approaches

Abstract Western flower thrips (WFT) (Frankliniella occidentalis) is an introduced pest that harms French bean production in Kenya and other countries. Since new WFT management approaches are being developed, a closer look at the genetic makeup of WFT populations can give new insights into source habitats, crop colonization patterns or host plant preferences, which are prerequisites for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. For this purpose, we used six microsatellite loci to analyse the genetic structure, diversity and gene flow of WFT sampled on French beans, intercrops and weeds in Kenyan French bean production areas. The results of this preliminary study indicate that the available microsatellites are sufficiently polymorphic for more detailed analyses on local dispersal patterns of WFT in Kenya. Even with the limited data set, the results reveal that F. occidentalis populations show considerable genetic differentiation between host plant species but not between regions, which suggests reduced gene flow and a possible development of biotypes. Possible consequences of the results on IPM are discussed.

scholarly journals Distribution of western (Glasshouse strain) and intonsa flower thrips in New Zealand

2005 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 208-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
M-C. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
The South ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
The North

Western flower thrips (WFT) (Frankliniella occidentalis) (glasshouse strain) and Intonsa flower thrips (IFT) (Frankliniella intonsa) are polyphagous pests that were first recorded in New Zealand in 1992 and 2002 respectively Surveys were carried out to determine the distribution of these two insects providing useful information for pest management market access and biosecurity Crops (mostly capsicum) were sampled for thrips in 18 greenhouses in the South Island in March/April 2004 and in6 greenhouses in the North Island in November/December 2004 and March 2005 Six outdoor crops (three in each island) were also sampled Between 20 and 50 flower buds were sampled from each greenhouse and thrips were extracted slidemounted and identified to species The results showed that WFT is widely distributed throughout New Zealand while IFT is only recorded in samples from Auckland and Waikato

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