scholarly journals Chromosomal and Molecular Diversity in the Simulium ornatum Group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Western Tian Shan Range of Central Asia

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 817
Author(s):  
Peter H. Adler ◽  
Doreen Werner ◽  
Helge Kampen
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Faunal List ◽  
Tian Shan

By any measure, such as abundance, species diversity or geographic range, the Simulium ornatum species group is one of the most successful Palearctic taxa of black flies. To explore potential diversity in this group in the Tian Shan range of Central Asia, we focused on Kyrgyzstan, in which three nominal morphospecies have been recorded. Among our samples, we morphologically identified S. mesasiaticum Rubtsov and a second possible species tentatively identified as S. ferganicum Rubtsov. By analyzing banding patterns of the larval polytene chromosomes, we discovered two fixed inversions, two sex-linked rearrangements, and 19 autosomal rearrangements, including supernumerary B chromosomes. The chromosomal data indicate minimal diversity of only one or two species across the surveyed area of nearly 50,000 km2. Mitochondrial DNA (CO1) sequences fell into three distinct clusters, possibly representing separate species. The chromosomal, molecular, and morphological data indicate that Kyrgyz populations are unique within the S. ornatum group, but the data sets are not entirely congruent. Thus, reconciling data sets and assigning existing names is tentative. Simulium mesasiaticum is linked with undifferentiated sex chromosomes, one of the three CO1 clades, and higher elevations, whereas S. ferganicum is tenuously associated with differentiated sex chromosomes, a separate CO1 clade, and lower elevations. These associations leave one Kyrgyz larva, which is in a third CO1 clade, unlinked to a formal species name. Our analyses also indicate that S. ornatum Meigen sensu stricto, contrary to previous reports, does not occur in Kyrgyzstan and should be deleted from the country’s faunal list.

Taxonomy of rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). IV. Multifaceted study of the brachyotis group identifies additional taxa

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Potter ◽  
Robert L. Close ◽  
David A. Taggart ◽  
Steven J. B. Cooper ◽  
Mark D. B. Eldridge
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
True Diversity

Defining taxonomic units is an important component of understanding how biodiversity has formed, and in guiding efforts to sustain it. Understanding patterns of biodiversity across the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia is limited, with molecular technology revealing deep phylogenetic structure and complex evolutionary histories. The brachyotis group of rock-wallabies (Petrogale spp.), which currently consists of three species (Petrogale brachyotis, P. burbidgei and P. concinna) distributed across north-western Australia, provides an example where current taxonomy does not reflect the true diversity or phylogenetic relationships within the group. We have used an integrative approach, combining morphological data, together with DNA sequences (~1000 bp mitochondrial DNA; ~3000 bp nuclear DNA) to resolve relationships within P. brachyotis. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses indicated that P. brachyotis (sensu lato) represents at least two separate species: P. brachyotis (sensu stricto) from the Kimberley and western Northern Territory, and P. wilkinsi from the northern and eastern Northern Territory. Petrogale brachyotis (sensu stricto) can be separated on genetic and morphological evidence into two subspecies: P. b. brachyotis and P. b. victoriae (subsp. nov.). Distinct genetic lineages have also been identified within both P. brachyotis and P. wilkinsi, as well as within P. burbidgei and P. concinna.

The polytene chromosomes of Simulium furculatum (Shewell) (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-530
Author(s):  
Fiona F. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Sex Chromosome System

To test whether Simulium furculatum (Shewell) belongs to the Simulium vernum (Macquart) species-group, a comparison was made of the polytene chromosomes of S. furculatum and the S. vernum "Knebworth" standard. Only two chromosome arms (of six) could be completely analysed. It is argued that S. furculatum does not belong to the S. vernum species-group. A complex sex-chromosome system (X1, X2, Y1) is found in both eastern and western Canada. Phylogenetically, the single Y chromosome is intermediate between the two X chromosomes. Intraspecific inversion polymorphisms, which serve to differentiate eastern from western populations, are also identified. Only one sibling is indicated.Key words: black flies, Simulium furculatum, Simulium vernum, cytotaxonomy, polytene chromosomes, sex chromosomes.

scholarly journals Genetic delimitation of Pristimantis orestes (Lynch, 1979) and P. saturninoi Brito et al., 2017 and description of two new terrestrial frogs from the Pristimantis orestes species group (Anura, Strabomantidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 864 ◽  
pp. 111-146
Author(s):  
Veronica L. Urgiles ◽  
Paul Székely ◽  
Diana Székely ◽  
Nicholas Christodoulides ◽  
Juan C. Sanchez-Nivicela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Dorsal Skin ◽  
Type Series ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Genetic Assessment ◽  
A New Species

In the genus Pristimantis, species are often combined into taxonomic units called species groups. The taxonomy of these groups is frequently inaccurate due to the absence of genetic data from type series and repeated misidentifications generated by high morphological resemblance between taxa. Here, we focus on the P.orestes species group, providing the first genetic assessment of P.orestes sensu stricto from individuals collected from the type locality, with a reviewed diagnosis and description of advertisement calls. We find that two lineages previously named P.orestes are genetically distinct and should be separated into two different species. Based on genetic and morphological data, we name one of these species P.cajanumasp. nov. This new species is morphologically distinct from other members of the group by having shagreen dorsal skin, evident dorsolateral folds, broader discs on toes and fingers and pale gray ventral coloration. Additionally, P.saturninoi is placed within the P.orestes species group based on genetic data from its type series. However, we find that one of its paratypes is genetically distinct and belongs to a clade containing a new species we name P.quintanaisp. nov. This new species is morphologically distinguished by lacking a tympanic membrane and vocal sacs in males, and by having expanded discs on toes and fingers, finely tuberculated dorsal skin and irregular white or cream spots in the groin and concealed surfaces of thighs. Our findings highlight the importance of providing genetic characterization and placement from the type series in taxonomic challenging groups, such as Pristimantis. We also suggest that the diversity of species within the P.orestes group will increase as more sampling is achieved in the southern Andes of Ecuador.

Chromosomal evidence for a new cryptic species of black fly in the Simulium praelargum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) from West Bengal, India

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4244 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
SACHIN THAPA ◽  
PETER H. ADLER ◽  
SHAILIKA CHHETRI ◽  
RAKESH VARMA ◽  
WILLIE HENRY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Chromosome Arm

Analyses of polytene chromosomes revealed a new cryptic species of black fly, Simulium praelargum “IL”, in the Simulium (Nevermania) feuerborni group from Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. This new species occurred sympatrically with two other previously recognized species in the S. praelargum complex: Simulium praelargum Datta sensu stricto and Simulium praelargum “IIIL-1.2”. Chromosome arms IS, IIS, IIL, and IIIS of the new species showed no differences in banding patterns, compared with the sequences in Simulium praelargum s. s. and Simulium praelargum “IIIL-1.2”. Chromosome arm IIIL of the new species was identical to that of S. praelargum s. s., but differed from that of S. praelargum “IIIL-1.2” by two fixed inversions. Chromosome arm IL of the new species differed from that of both species by four fixed inversions: IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-4. The new species and S. praelargum s. s. lacked a chromocenter, which was present in S. praelargum “IIIL-1.2”. Sex chromosomes of the new species were cytologically undifferentiated (X0X0, X0Y0) and all specimens were monomorphic for autosomal inversion polymorphisms. Speciation in the S. feuerborni group, unlike in many other simuliid taxa, did not involve cytological differentiation of sex chromosomes. 

scholarly journals Mapping the hidden diversity of the Geophagus sensu stricto species group (Cichlidae: Geophagini) from the Amazon basin

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12443
Author(s):  
Aline Mourão Ximenes ◽  
Pedro Senna Bittencourt ◽  
Valéria Nogueira Machado ◽  
Tomas Hrbek ◽  
Izeni Pires Farias
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
South American ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Species Discovery ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Lineage Diversity

South American freshwater ichthyofauna is taxonomically the most diverse on the planet, yet its diversity is still vastly underestimated. The Amazon basin alone holds more than half of this diversity. The evidence of this underestimation comes from the backlog of morphologically distinct, yet undescribed forms deposited in museum collections, and from DNA-based inventories which consistently identify large numbers of divergent lineages within even well-studied species groups. In the present study, we investigated lineage diversity within the Geophagus sensu stricto species group. To achieve these objectives, we analyzed 337 individuals sampled from 77 locations within and outside the Amazon basin representing 10 nominal and six morphologically distinct but undescribed species. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and delimited lineages using four different single-locus species discovery methods (mPTP-15 lineages; LocMin-14 lineages; bGMYC-18 lineages; and GMYC-30 lineages). The six morphologically distinct but undescribed species were also delimited by the majority of the species discovery methods. Five of these lineages are restricted to a single collection site or a watershed and their habitats are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, agricultural activities and construction of hydroelectric plants. Our results also highlight the importance of combining DNA and morphological data in biodiversity assessment studies especially in taxonomically diverse tropical biotas.

Analysis of the differences between Syntormon pallipes and S. pseudospicatus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae): morphological and molecular data

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316
Author(s):  
M.A. Chursina ◽  
I.Ya. Grichanov
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Geometric Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The recent catalogues of the family Dolichopodidae considered Syntormon pallipes (Fabricius, 1794) and S. pseudospicatus Strobl, 1899 as separate species. In this study, we used three approaches to estimate the significance of differences between the two species: molecular analysis (COI and 12S rRNA sequences), analysis of leg colour characters and geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape. The morphological data confirmed the absence of significant differences between S. pallipes and S. pseudospicatus found in the DNA analysis. Significant differences in the wing shape of two species have not been revealed. Hence, according to our data, there is no reason to consider S. pseudospicatus as a distinct species.

Statistical analysis of coastal morphological data sets over seasonal to decadal time scales

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 581-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aart Kroon ◽  
Magnus Larson ◽  
Iris Möller ◽  
Hiromune Yokoki ◽  
Grzegorz Rozynski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Data Sets

Climate as the great equalizer of continental-scale erosion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilby Jepson ◽  
Barbara Carrapa ◽  
Jack Gillespie ◽  
Ran Feng ◽  
Peter DeCelles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Active Tectonic ◽  
Tectonically Active ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Tectonic Boundaries ◽  
Great Equalizer ◽  
Tian Shan

<p>Central Asia is one of the most tectonically active and orographically diverse regions in the world and is the location of the highest topography on Earth resulting from major plate tectonic collisional events. Yet the role of tectonics versus climate on erosion remains one of the greatest debates of our time. We present the first regional scale analysis of 2526 published low-temperature thermochronometric dates from Central Asia spanning the Altai-Sayan, Tian Shan, Tibet, Pamir, and Himalaya. We compare these dates to tectonic processes (proximity to tectonic boundaries, crustal thickness, seismicity) and state-of-the-art paleoclimate simulations in order to constrain the relative influences of climate and tectonics on the topographic architecture and erosion of Central Asia. Predominance of pre-Cenozoic ages in much of the interior of central Asia suggests that significant topography was created prior to the India-Eurasia collision and implies limited subsequent erosion. Increasingly young cooling ages are associated with increasing proximity to active tectonic boundaries, suggesting a first-order control of tectonics on erosion. However, areas that have been sheltered from significant precipitation for extensive periods of time retain old cooling ages. This suggests that ultimately climate is the great equalizer of erosion. Climate plays a key role by enhancing erosion in areas with developed topography and high precipitation such as the Tian Shan and Altai-Sayan during the Mesozoic and the Himalaya during the Cenozoic. Older thermochronometric dates are associated with sustained aridity following more humid periods.</p>

Precambrian tectonic evolution of Earth: an outline

2021 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Dewey ◽  
E.S. Kiseeva ◽  
J.A. Pearce ◽  
L.J. Robb
Keyword(s):  
Tectonic Evolution ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Crustal Material ◽  
Plate Tectonic ◽  
Single Plate

Abstract Space probes in our solar system have examined all bodies larger than about 400 km in diameter and shown that Earth is the only silicate planet with extant plate tectonics sensu stricto. Venus and Earth are about the same size at 12 000 km diameter, and close in density at 5 200 and 5 500 kg.m-3 respectively. Venus and Mars are stagnant lid planets; Mars may have had plate tectonics and Venus may have had alternating ca. 0.5 Ga periods of stagnant lid punctuated by short periods of plate turnover. In this paper, we contend that Earth has seen five, distinct, tectonic periods characterized by mainly different rock associations and patterns with rapid transitions between them; the Hadean to ca. 4.0 Ga, the Eo- and Palaeoarchaean to ca. 3.1 Ga, the Neoarchaean to ca. 2.5 Ga, the Proterozoic to ca. 0.8 Ga, and the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic. Plate tectonics sensu stricto, as we know it for present-day Earth, was operating during the Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic, as witnessed by features such as obducted supra-subduction zone ophiolites, blueschists, jadeite, ruby, continental thin sediment sheets, continental shelf, edge, and rise assemblages, collisional sutures, and long strike-slip faults with large displacements. From rock associations and structures, nothing resembling plate tectonics operated prior to ca. 2.5 Ga. Archaean geology is almost wholly dissimilar from Proterozoic-Phanerozoic geology. Most of the Proterozoic operated in a plate tectonic milieu but, during the Archaean, Earth behaved in a non-plate tectonic way and was probably characterised by a stagnant lid with heat-loss by pluming and volcanism, together with diapiric inversion of tonalite-trondjemite-granodiorite (TTG) basement diapirs through sinking keels of greenstone supracrustals, and very minor mobilism. The Palaeoarchaean differed from the Neoarchaean in having a more blobby appearance whereas a crude linearity is typical of the Neoarchaean. The Hadean was probably a dry stagnant lid Earth with the bulk of its water delivered during the late heavy bombardment, when that thin mafic lithosphere was fragmented to sink into the asthenosphere and generate the copious TTG Ancient Grey Gneisses (AGG). During the Archaean, a stagnant unsegmented, lithospheric lid characterised Earth, although a case can be made for some form of mobilism with “block jostling”, rifting, compression and strike-slip faulting on a small scale. We conclude, following Burke and Dewey (1973), that there is no evidence for subduction on a global scale before about 2.5 Ga, although there is geochemical evidence for some form of local recycling of crustal material into the mantle during that period. After 2.5 Ga, linear/curvilinear deformation belts were developed, which “weld” cratons together and palaeomagnetism indicates that large, lateral, relative motions among continents had begun by at least 1.88 Ga. The “boring billion”, from about 1.8 to 0.8 Ga, was a period of two super-continents (Nuna, also known as Columbia, and Rodinia) characterised by substantial magmatism of intraplate type leading to the hypothesis that Earth had reverted to a single plate planet over this period; however, orogens with marginal accretionary tectonics and related magmatism and ore genesis indicate that plate tectonics was still taking place at and beyond the bounds of these supercontinents. The break-up of Rodinia heralded modern plate tectonics from about 0.8 Ga. Our conclusions are based, almost wholly, upon geological data sets, including petrology, ore geology and geochemistry, with minor input from modelling and theory.

Genetic and cytogenetic analysis of the fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genome ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 479-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Kounatidis ◽  
Nikolaos Papadopoulos ◽  
Kostas Bourtzis ◽  
Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Cytogenetic Analysis ◽  
Polytene Chromosomes ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Heterogametic Sex ◽  
Rhagoletis Cerasi

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi , is a major agricultural pest for which biological, genetic, and cytogenetic information is limited. We report here a cytogenetic analysis of 4 natural Greek populations of R. cerasi, all of them infected with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis . The mitotic karyotype and detailed photographic maps of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes of this pest species are presented here. The mitotic metaphase complement consists of 6 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with the male being the heterogametic sex. The analysis of the salivary gland polytene complement has shown a total of 5 long chromosomes (10 polytene arms) that correspond to the 5 autosomes of the mitotic nuclei and a heterochromatic mass corresponding to the sex chromosomes. The most prominent landmarks of each polytene chromosome, the “weak points”, and the unusual asynapsis of homologous pairs of polytene chromosomes at certain regions of the polytene elements are also presented and discussed.

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