scholarly journals Mulches Used in Highbush Blueberry and Entomopathogenic Nematodes Affect Mortality Rates of Third-Instar Popillia japonica

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Justin M. Renkema ◽  
Jean-Philippe Parent
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Municipal Compost ◽  
Plant Foliage ◽  
Substrate Temperatures

Popillia japonica Newman (Japanese beetle) is an invasive, polyphagous pest in North America, as adults feed on plant foliage and larvae on roots. Management in crops relies on foliar and soil applications of insecticides, but entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are effective biocontrol agents. In highbush blueberry, mulches (composts, woodshavings, sawdust, bark) are used for weed control and fertility. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effects of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema scarabaei on third-instar P. japonica in substrates commonly used as mulches in blueberry. In containers in the laboratory, larval mortality was 90–100% with H. bacteriophora for all substrates, but rates with S. scarabaei were lower and variable among substrates. A mixture of municipal compost + woodchips/sawdust resulted in 60% larval mortality without adding EPN, but few nematodes were recovered, indicating other causes of death. In a field microplot experiment in October, larval mortality rates were 50% at most for all EPN and substrate type combinations, likely due to lower than optimal soil and substrate temperatures for EPN survival and infectivity. Overall, a compost and woodchip/sawdust mulch should help suppress P. japonica populations in blueberry, and applying H. bacteriophora when temperatures are optimal to mulches can provide excellent larval control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Indigenous Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Potential Biocontrol Agents against Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Northern Italy

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Giulia Torrini ◽  
Francesco Paoli ◽  
Giuseppe Mazza ◽  
Stefania Simoncini ◽  
Claudia Benvenuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Natural Strains

The natural presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) has been investigated in the Piedmont region (Northern Italy) in areas infested by the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. Thirty-nine out of 155 soil samples (25.2%) were positive for EPNs. Most of the samples contained only steinermatids (92.3%), 5.1% contained heterorhabditids, and one sample (2.6%) contained both genera. All the recovered isolates were identified at species level both morphologically and molecularly. Steinernema carpocapsae was the most abundant and it was mainly distributed in open habitats, such as perennial meadows, uncultivated soils, and cropland, characterized by sandy loam soil texture and acidic pH. Steinernema feltiae has been found associated mainly with closed habitats such as coniferous and deciduous woodland, characterized by sandy loam-texture and extremely acidic soil. The three isolates of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were collected only in open habitats (perennial meadows and uncultivated fields) characterized by strongly acidic soils with sandy loam texture. The virulence of all EPN natural strains was evaluated by laboratory assays against P. japonica third-instar larvae collected during two different periods of the year (spring, autumn). The results showed that larval mortality was higher for pre-wintering larvae than post-wintering ones. The five more promising EPN isolates were tested in the semi-field assay in which H. bacteriophora natural strains have been shown to be more efficient in controlling P. japonica grubs. All of these results are finally discussed considering the use of these natural EPNs as biological control agents against P. japonica, within an eco-friendly perspective of management.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Newman) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), to entomopathogenic Hypocreales fungi

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Giroux ◽  
Robert Lavallée ◽  
Éric Bauce ◽  
Claude Guertin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Interspecific Variations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lecanicillium Longisporum ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

The susceptibility of adults and larvae of the Japanese beetle to isolates of the fungi Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium longisporum and L. muscarium (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The presence of intra- and interspecific variations regarding the pathogenicity of the isolates was investigated. Results show that most of the fungal isolates caused mortality in adults and larvae. Isolates M. anisopliae INRS 705 and B. bassiana INRS 236 induced 70.3% and 65.2% of mortality in P. japonica adults, respectively, and both caused the death of about 37% of larvae. Of the 17 tested isolates, 13 caused larval mortality. However, no significant difference was found between the susceptibility of larvae to isolates from different species and those from a same species. Lecanicillium species are undoubtedly not pathogenic to adults and seem to have few effects on larvae. Based on the results obtained with the selected isolates, intra- and interspecific differences relative to the pathogenicity of the isolates appeared to be present. Overall, this study expanded the knowledge about P. japonica susceptibility towards entomopathogenic Hypocreales fungi. The implications of this study regarding the development of a biological control agent are discussed.

scholarly journals Infection and reinfection of Stomoxys calcitrans larvae (Diptera: Muscidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes in different times of exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Américo de Castro Monteiro Sobrinho ◽  
Isadora Luiza Alves Costa ◽  
Graziele Calixto Souza ◽  
Luís Carlos de Souza Rodrigues Leal ◽  
João Luiz Lopes Monteiro Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Stomoxys Calcitrans ◽  
Stable Fly ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Fly Larvae

Abstract Stomoxys calcitrans is a hematophagous dipteran. Several agents are used in biological control, including entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Bioassay I involved an evaluation of the effect of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and Heterorhabditis baujardi LPP7 on S. calcitrans larvae in different periods of exposure. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added, which were divided into groups according to the exposure times of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. The purpose of Bioassay II was to evaluate the efficacy of the EPNs in infecting S. calcitrans larvae when they were isolated from stable fly larvae in Bioassay I. Groups of 10 larvae were placed in Petri dishes and 200 EPNs/larva were added. In bioassay I, H. bacteriophora caused mortality rates of 51.7, 83.3 and 91.7% in 12, 24 and 48 hours, respectively, while H. baujardi caused mortality rates of 9.3 (12h), 35 (24h) and 35% (48h). In Bioassay II, H. bacteriophora and H. baujardi resulted in mortality rates of 35% and 25%, respectively. It was concluded that the longest exposure times presented the highest larval mortality and that EPNs isolated from S. calcitrans are not efficient in controlling the larvae fly.

scholarly journals Survey of Japanese Beetle Management Practices in Michigan Highbush Blueberry Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsofia Szendrei ◽  
Rufus Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Management Challenge

Michigan higbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) growers were surveyed during Winter 2003 to gather information on the extent of the pest status of japanese beetle (Popillia japonica, Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) within this crop, and their responses to this pest management challenge. The survey was mailed to 215 highbush blueberry farms in southwestern, central, and southeastern Michigan. Ninety-nine surveys were completed and returned. Our results revealed that this pest was of concern to the majority of growers who returned the survey (84%), causing average additional costs of $72/acre. Increased insecticide use was the major cause of the economic loss due to this pest, and the main methods for controlling japanese beetle were insecticides and clean cultivation. More farms had permanent sod coverage than clean cultivation in individual fields. The acreage of clean-cultivated farms was higher because larger farms tend to have clean cultivation. Japanese beetle has driven changes in row-middle management, indicated by growers who have switched to clean cultivation recently. Fifty percent of growers considered the changes they implemented to control japanese beetle to be effective, and most growers were not planning any further changes to their pest management programs to address this pest. Many growers were willing to try new cover crops if they are shown to be effective against japanese beetle.

Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against the Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Yan ◽  
Muhammad Shahid Arain ◽  
Yinying Lin ◽  
Xinghui Gu ◽  
Limeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tobacco Cutworm ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Spodoptera litura (F.) is an obnoxious cosmopolitan pest that causes serious damage to different economic crops. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have the potential to control the S. litura larvae. Fifteen EPN isolates were screened, and Steinernema sp. 64-2, four isolates of S. carpocapsae (Weiser), S. longicaudum (Shen & Wang) X-7, and two isolates of H. indica (Poinar, Karunaka & David) were found to cause higher mortality of the second, third, and fourth instars of S. litura than the other tested isolates, with larval mortality rates > 90% after 48 h of exposure. An exposure rate of 12.5 infective juveniles per larva was enough for S. carpocapsae A24, All, and G-R3a-2 and S. longicaudum X-7 to cause 100% mortality of the second instar, and for S. longicaudum X-7 and H. indica 212-2 to cause 100% mortality of the third instar. Five EPN isolates were tested on their virulence at different temperatures and found that all the five EPN isolates performed well against the S. litura larvae at 25 and 30°C, but were not active at 10 and 15°C. Two S. carpocapsae isolates (All and Mex) were virulent against the S. litura larvae at lower temperatures. The five tested EPN isolates were also found to have the ability to infect and kill the pupae of S. litura in the laboratory. The present study further proves that EPN are effective at controlling S. litura, which may partially substitute the use of chemical insecticides, thus reduce the overuse of chemical insecticides.

scholarly journals Relative potency of a novel acaricidal compound from Xenorhabdus, a bacterial genus mutualistically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamze Incedayi ◽  
Harun Cimen ◽  
Derya Ulug ◽  
Mustapha Touray ◽  
Edna Bode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Compound Identification ◽  
Mutant Strains

AbstractOur study aimed to identify the novel acaricidal compound in Xenorhabdus szentirmaii and X. nematophila using the easyPACId approach (easy Promoter Activated Compound Identification). We determined the (1) effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from mutant strains against T. urticae females, (2) CFS of the acaricidal bioactive strain of X. nematophila (pCEP_kan_XNC1_1711) against different biological stages of T. urticae, and females of predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus, (3) effects of the extracted acaricidal compound on different biological stages of T. urticae, and (4) cytotoxicity of the active substance. The results showed that xenocoumacin produced by X. nematophila was the bioactive acaricidal compound, whereas the acaricidal compound in X. szentirmaii was not determined. The CFS of X. nematophila (pCEP_kan_XNC1_1711) caused 100, 100, 97.3, and 98.1% mortality on larvae, protonymph, deutonymph and adult female of T. urticae at 7 dpa in petri dish experiments; and significantly reduced T. urticae population in pot experiments. However, the same CFS caused less than 36% mortality on the predatory mites at 7dpa. The mortality rates of extracted acaricidal compound (xenocoumacin) on the larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult female of T. urticae were 100, 100, 97, 96% at 7 dpa. Cytotoxicity assay showed that IC50 value of xenocoumacin extract was 17.71 μg/ml after 48 h. The data of this study showed that xenocoumacin could potentially be used as bio-acaricide in the control of T. urticae; however, its efficacy in field experiments and its phytotoxicity need to be assessed in future.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Infection Cycle of Vibrio owensii in Larviculture of the Ornate Spiny Lobster (Panulirus ornatus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 2841-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan F. Goulden ◽  
Michael R. Hall ◽  
David G. Bourne ◽  
Lily L. Pereg ◽  
Lone Høj
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Live Feed

ABSTRACTThe type strain ofVibrio owensii(DY05) was isolated during an epizootic of aquaculture-reared larvae (phyllosomas) of the ornate spiny lobster (Panulirus ornatus).V. owensiiDY05 was formally demonstrated to be the etiological agent of a disease causing rapid and reproducible larval mortality with pathologies similar to those seen during disease epizootics. Vectored challenge via the aquaculture live feed organismArtemia(brine shrimp) caused consistent cumulative mortality rates of 84 to 89% after 72 h, in contrast to variable mortality rates seen after immersion challenge. Histopathological examination of vector-challenged phyllosomas revealed bacterial proliferation in the midgut gland (hepatopancreas) concomitant with epithelial cell necrosis. A fluorescent-protein-labeledV. owensiiDY05 transconjugant showed dispersal of single cells in the foregut and hepatopancreas 6 h postexposure, leading to colonization of the entire hepatopancreas within 18 h and eventually systemic infection.V. owensiiDY05 is a marine enteropathogen highly virulent toP. ornatusphyllosoma that uses vector-mediated transmission and release from host association to a planktonic existence to perpetuate transfer. This understanding of the infection process will improve targeted biocontrol strategies and enhance the prospects of commercially viable larviculture for this valuable spiny lobster species.

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