scholarly journals Defoliation of Soybean Expressing Cry1Ac by Lepidopteran Pests

Insects ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Murúa ◽  
Martín Vera ◽  
María Herrero ◽  
Sofia Fogliata ◽  
Andrew Michel
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania

Lepidoptera, stink bugs, and weevils are important pests in soybean. For lepidopteran control, insecticides and seed treatments are used. As an alternative, Bt soybean was developed to control primary pests of Lepidoptera such as Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Noctuidae), Chrysodeixisincludens (Walker) (Noctuidae), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Erebidae), Helicoverpa gelotopoeon (Dyar) (Noctuidae), and Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) (Tortricidae). However, the use of transgenic plants, and the resulting reduction of insecticide against target pests, may allow other pest species to become more prevalent in agricultural environments. Soybean expressing Cry1Ac against different lepidopteran nontarget and target insect pests was evaluated, and its performance was compared with non-Bt soybean with seed treatment. The treatments were Bt soybean, non-Bt soybean with seed treatment (Fortenza® diamide insecticide, Syngenta, Buenos Aires, Argentina), and non-Bt soybean without seed treatment. Larvae of H. gelotopoeon, Spodoptera albula (Walker) (Noctuidae), Spodoptera cosmiodes (Walker) (Noctuidae), Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (Noctuidae), and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lep.: Noctuidae) were used. The plants of each treatment were infested with larvae of each species, and the percentage of leaf damage produced by each species was recorded. The results showed that Bt soybean provided control of H. gelotopoeon and had a suppressive effect on S. frugiperda and S. albula. However, S. eridania and S. cosmiodes were not susceptible to the Cry1Ac protein in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean when evaluated by greenhouse infestation. Considering the performance of each species using non-Bt soybean without seed treatment, S. eridania would represent a potential risk in soybean crops.

scholarly journals Faunistic analysis of pest insects and their natural enemies associated with hairy fleabane in soybean crop1

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giliardi Dalazen ◽  
Maurício Bigolin ◽  
Ivair Valmorbida ◽  
Regis Felipe Stacke ◽  
Deise Cagliari
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Population Fluctuation ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Hairy Fleabane

ABSTRACT In addition to competing with crops, weeds can provide shelter for arthropods in cropping fields and adjacent areas. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and population fluctuation of insect pests and their natural enemies associated with hairy fleabane (Conyza spp.), in soybean farming areas. The predominant species were Schizaphis graminum, Taylorilygus apicalis, Empoasca spp. and Nysius simulans. Species that comprise important pest complexes, including stink bugs and caterpillars, can develop on fleabane plants. Among them, the stink bugs Edessa meditabunda, Dichelops spp., Piezodorus guildinii, Nezara viridula and Euschistus heros, as well as the caterpillars Anticarsia gemmatalis, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Chrysodeixis includens and Helicoverpa spp. have prevailed. The most common natural enemies were Orius spp., Eriopis connexa, Cycloneda sanuiinea and Chrysoperla spp. The population fluctuation analysis indicated that hairy fleabane mainly hosted stink bugs at the beginning of the crop cycle and after soybean maturation. The caterpillars, however, use this weed as an alternative host throughout the crop cycle, continuing after soybean maturation and harvesting. For natural enemies species, the population fluctuation depends on the occurrence of insects that serve as a food source for them. Thus, it is possible to conclude that hairy fleabane is an important alternative host for pest insects and their natural enemies in soybean crops.

scholarly journals Effect of seed treatment with insecticides on the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in soybean

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yago Barros Triboni ◽  
Luciano Del Bem Junior ◽  
Carlos Gilberto Raetano ◽  
Matheus Mereb Negrisoli
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

ABSTRACT Fall armyworm is one of the main insect pests in Brazil. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the seed treatment effect on the control of Spodoptera frugiperda in initial infestations of soybean crops. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates of six insecticide treatments applied through seed treatment: imidacloprid plus thiodicarb at the dose of 52.5 plus 105 g a.i. (active ingredient) 100 kg-1 of seed (Cropstar® 0.350 L 100 kg-1 of seed); thiamethoxam at 105 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seed (Cruiser 350 FS® 0.3 L 100 kg-1 of seed); chlorantraniliprole at 62.5 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seed (Dermacor® 0.1 L 100 kg-1 of seed); cyantraniliprole at 120 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seed (Fortenza 600 FS® 0.2 L 100 kg-1 of seed); fipronil plus pyraclostrobin and thiophanate-methyl 50 + 5 + 45 g a.i. 100 kg-1 of seed (Standak Top® 0.2 L 100 kg-1 of seed), and a control treatment. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. Diamide insecticides (chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole) presented the best results among all treatments, with lower consumption of the treated leaves by the caterpillars and greater control efficacy of this insect. We verified that seed treatment is a viable alternative for controlling S. frugiperda at the beginning of crop development, when the caterpillar presents the behavior of cutting the seedlings and/or the consumption of leaf area, causing a reduction in the plant population and a consequent yield loss.

scholarly journals HAIRY FLEABANE AS A SOURCE OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF SOYBEAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. DALAZEN ◽  
L.E. CURIOLETTI ◽  
D. CAGLIARI ◽  
R.F. STACKE ◽  
J.V.C. GUEDES
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Conyza Bonariensis ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Piezodorus Guildinii ◽  
Hairy Fleabane

ABSTRACT Weeds compete with crops for essential inputs, but they are also important hosts for pests, both during the crop and between crops. Hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) is an important weed growing in both summer and winter crops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and population fluctuations of soybean pests using hairy fleabane as an alternative host. Samples of hairy fleabane plants were collected fortnightly over twelve months at two sites (Boa Vista do Incra and São Vicente do Sul) in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The results showed that hairy fleabane plants provided shelter to important soybean pests, including the pentatomid stink bugs Edessa meditabunda, Piezodorus guildinii, Dichelop sp. and Euschistus heros, especially after soybean maturation, and also served as an alternative food source. This weedy species was also an important alternative host for caterpillars such as Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens, Spodoptera spp. and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon.

Interactions in Entomology: Mid-Season Dimilin and Boron Treatment Impact on the Incidence of Arthropod Pests and Yield Enhancement of Soybeans

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
G. J. Gascho
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Insect Growth Regulator ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Arthropod Pests

Twelve replicated soybean field trials were conducted in 1993–1997 to evaluate the effects of a foliar application of the insect growth regulator Dimilin® (0.07 or 0.035 kg Al/ha) and the plant nutrient boron (0.28 kg nutrient/ha) on the incidence of insect pests and the enhancement of yield and quality. Dimilin (diflurbenzuron) was very effective at all test locations in controlling velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, for the remainder of the season once the foliar application was made on soybeans in the R2 (full bloom) to R5 (pods filling with seeds) growth stage. Six of the test sites had significant yield increases in the Dimilin plots due to protection from economic crop injury from this pest. Dimilin was not effective in controlling stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.) and Euschistus servus (Say), and Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. Scout® (tralomethrin) and MVP® (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner) did not provide adequate residual pest control when combined with the boron treatment. Yield enhancements from boron (Solubor®, soluble disodium octaborate tetrahydrate) were observed in seven tests, but yields were significantly higher than the no boron treatments in only three experiments. The nutrient applications did not influence the abundance of arthropod pests at any test location. The overall soybean yield enhancement of around 440 kg/ha (6.5 bu/a) above the untreated plots represents a positive net economic return for the total investment of around $55 per ha. Dimilin accounted for most of the yield increase due to effective pest control, but the addition of boron costs very little ($3.00/ha) with a return of about 35 kg/ha across all soil types (higher response in sandy soils). It appears that a dimilin/boron foliar application around R3 stage soybeans (small pods forming) can be a profitable strategy in south Georgia, especially in areas where velvetbean caterpillars are annual economic pests and the fields contain sandy soil with low levels of available boron.

Influence of Irrigation and Maturity Group on the Seasonal Abundance of Soybean Arthropods

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. McPherson ◽  
R. C. Layton ◽  
W. J. McLaurin ◽  
W. A. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Group V ◽  
Arthropod Predators

The effects of irrigation and soybean maturity group (Group V ‘Forrest’ variety vs Group VII ‘Braxton’ variety) on the seasonal abundance of arthropod pest and beneficial population densities were examined in large-plot field tests at the Attapulgus Research Center in Attapulgus, GA, in 1987 through 1990. In general, soybean plant growth was more abundant, yields were higher, and canopy closure indices were lower in irrigated than in non-irrigated plots for both varieties. Irrigation and the resultant increased soybean vegetation supported a greater overall seasonal abundance of all five of the insect pests monitored: stink bugs, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), velvetbean caterpillars, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, soybean loopers, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), threecornered alfalfa hoppers, Spississtilus festinus (Say), and green cloverworms, Plathypena scabra (F.). No overall varietal effects were noted for N. viridula; however, each year, population densities were higher in the early-maturing ‘Forrest’ up to julian day 250 then densities were higher in the later-maturing ‘Braxton’ for the remainder of the grown season. Mean estimates of the seasonal abundance of A. gemmatalis and P. scabra populations were similar between the two varieties; however, P. includens and S. festinus were more abundant on Forrest than on Braxton. Total arthropod predators, including Nabis spp., Geocoris spp., and spiders, also were more abundant on irrigated soybeans, while overall varietal means were similar. Yearly analyses revealed significant irrigation and variety effects for most of the species sampled.

scholarly journals Mode of Action and Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in the Control of Caterpillars and Stink Bugs in Soybean Culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogério Schünemann ◽  
Neiva Knaak ◽  
Lidia Mariana Fiuza
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Major Pest

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces delta-endotoxins that possess toxic properties and can be used as biopesticides, as well as a source of genes for the construction of transgenic plants resistant to insects. In Brazil, the introduction of Bt soybean with insecticidal properties to the velvetbean caterpillar, the main insect pest of soybean, has been seen a promising tool in the management of these agroecosystems. However, the increase in stink bug populations in this culture, in various regions of the country, which are not susceptible to the existing genetically modified plants, requires application of chemicals that damage the environment. Little is known about the actual toxicity of Bt to Hemiptera, since these insects present sucking mouthparts, which hamper toxicity assays with artificial diets containing toxins of this bacterium. In recent studies of cytotoxicity with the gut of different hemipterans, susceptibility in the mechanism of action of delta-endotoxins has been demonstrated, which can generate promising subsidies for the control of these insect pests in soybean. This paper aims to review the studies related to the selection, application and mode of action of Bt in the biological control of the major pest of soybean, Anticarsia gemmatalis, and an analysis of advances in research on the use of Bt for control hemipterans.

scholarly journals Bacillus thuringiensis chimeric proteins Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 to control soybean lepidopteran pests: New domain combinations enhance insecticidal spectrum of activity and novel receptor contributions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0249150
Author(s):  
Danqi Chen ◽  
William J. Moar ◽  
Agoston Jerga ◽  
Anilkumar Gowda ◽  
Jason S. Milligan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania ◽  
Protein Resistance ◽  
Bt Protein ◽  
Common Domain

Two new chimeric Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins, Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2, were constructed using specific domains, which provide insecticidal activity against key lepidopteran soybean pests while minimizing receptor overlaps between themselves, current, and soon to be commercialized plant incorporated protectants (PIP’s) in soybean. Results from insect diet bioassays demonstrate that the recombinant Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 are toxic to soybean looper (SBL) Chrysodeixis includens Walker, velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, southern armyworm (SAW) Spodoptera eridania, and black armyworm (BLAW) Spodoptera cosmioides with LC50 values < 3,448 ng/cm2. Cry1B.2 is of moderate activity with significant mortality and stunting at > 3,448 ng/cm2, while Cry1A.2 lacks toxicity against old-world bollworm (OWB) Helicoverpa armigera. Results from disabled insecticidal protein (DIP) bioassays suggest that receptor utilization of Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 proteins are distinct from each other and from current, and yet to be commercially available, Bt proteins in soy such as Cry1Ac, Cry1A.105, Cry1F.842, Cry2Ab2 and Vip3A. However, as Cry1A.2 contains a domain common to at least one commercial soybean Bt protein, resistance to this common domain in a current commercial soybean Bt protein could possibly confer at least partial cross resistance to Cry1A2. Therefore, Cry1A.2 and Cry1B.2 should provide two new tools for controlling many of the major soybean insect pests described above.

Caracterización de aislamientos del hongo Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson (Ascomycota: hypocreales), patógeno en insectos plaga en cultivos agrícolas

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vanesa Eva Dikgolz
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Nomuraea Rileyi ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Elasmopalpus Lignosellus ◽  
Sobre Todo

En los últimos años el cultivo de soja se ha convertido en uno de los más importantes de nuestro país. Existe una gran diversidad de insectos fitófagos que atacan a los cultivos de soja y bajo determinadas condiciones pueden alcanzar niveles de densidad altos, convirtiéndose en plagas. Entre las principales especies de lépidopteros defoliadores considerados plaga se encuentran: la “oruga de las leguminosas” Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), la “oruga medidora” Rachiplusia nu Guenneé, la “oruga de la alfalfa” Colias lesbias (Fabricius), la “oruga militar tardía” Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), orugas del género Helicoverpa y la “gata peluda norteamericana” Spilosoma virginica (Fabricius). De menor importancia son la “oruguita de la verdolaga” Loxostege bifidalis Fabricius, el barrenador menor del tallo” Elasmopalpus lignosellus Séller, orugas del género Agrotis, Eulia loxonepes (Meyrick) y Prodenia ornithogalli (Guenneé). Estos insectos provocan daños en las hojas de la plantas, sobre todo antes de la formación de frutos. Los enemigos naturales de estos insectos están conformados por depredadores, parasitoides y patógenos. Entre los patógenos se destacan los hongos, los cuales se encuentran infectando gran diversidad de insectos y hábitats. Estos organismos son una herramienta útil dentro del manejo integrado de plagas. El principal hongo entomopatógeno relacionado con larvas de lépidopteros defoliadores, en particular de la Familia Noctuidae, es Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson (Ascomycota: Sordariomycetes: Hypocreales). Hasta el presente han sido realizados varios estudios a nivel mundial acerca del hongo N. rileyi, sobre su virulencia, rango hospedador, citología e inmunidad. En nuestro país se ha encontrado una importante acción del hongo N. rileyi en el control natural de lepidópteros defoliadores de soja, cuando se presentaron condiciones de humedad favorables para su dispersión, llegando a observarse un control del 60 al 90 % de las poblaciones de A. gemmatalis en la provincia de Santa Fe, siendo citada previamente la existencia de epizootias y control natural de esta especie plaga en la provincia de Córdoba. Hasta el presente hay pocos estudios de caracterización de poblaciones de N.rileyi de nuestro país y sobre todo de la región pampeana donde se concentra el 83,68 % del área sojera. Tampoco se han realizado hasta el momento estudios sobre el ciclo parasexual en este hongo por lo que resulta de importancia abordar estas temáticas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las diferencias morfológicas, y genéticas de aislamientos nativos del hongo Nomuraea rileyi y evaluar su patogenicidad mediante bioensayos, así como también intentar determinar la existencia de un ciclo parasexual.

scholarly journals Dispersal and spatiotemporal distribution of Protapion fulvipes in white clover fields: implications for pest management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Hederström ◽  
Franklin N. Nyabuga ◽  
Olle Anderbrant ◽  
Glenn P. Svensson ◽  
Maj Rundlöf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Clover Seed

AbstractYield loss caused by insect pests remains a substantial problem in agriculture. Chemical control, with potential negative effects on non-target organisms, is still the main tool for pest management. For pest species with limited dispersal capacity, rotation of the crop in time and space has potential as an alternative management measure. This is particularly important in organic farming, where most agrochemicals are prohibited, but also relevant as a complementary pest management strategy in conventional agriculture. Clover is an important crop used for animal feed and as green manure; however, seed-eating weevils can severely limit the seed yield. We hypothesized that the previous year’s clover seed fields constitute the major sources of weevil pests. Consequently, a greater distance to, and a smaller pest load from, this source should reduce the number of weevils colonizing the new seed fields. To map population dynamics and dispersal range of Protapion fulvipes, an economically important seed weevil specialized on white clover, we conducted field studies over four years in 45 white clover seed fields. We found that P. fulvipes overwinters close to its source field and disperses to new fields in early spring the following year. Pest abundance increased with pest load in the previous year’s seed field, but decreased by 68% per km distance to the previous year’s field. Thus, separation of seed production fields between years by 2–3 km would create a spatiotemporal pest management tool to reduce the pest infestation below the estimated economic injury level.

scholarly journals A system dynamics model for pests and natural enemies interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame ◽  
Henri E. Z. Tonnang ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
Anani Y. Bruce ◽  
Thomas Dubois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Sesamia Calamistis ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Causal Loop Diagram ◽  
System Dynamics Model ◽  
Dynamics Model

AbstractStemborers (Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and associated parasitoids constitute an interacting system in maize fields in Kenya. This work aims at developing and evaluating models that represent the evolution of those interactions by applying system thinking and system dynamics approaches with its archetypes [causal loop diagram (CLD), reinforcing (R) and balancing (B)] to analyse the population of these multi-species systems. The software Vensim PLE 8.0.9 was used to implement the models and carry out the simulations of single- and multi-species systems. The results showed that when a single pest species with its associated parasitoids interact with the host plant, the species was able to establish and sustain by cyclical relationship between populations of the pest and the associated parasitoids. However, in multi- pest species systems, dominance of S. frugiperda and C. partellus over B. fusca and S. calamistis was observed, but without extinction. However, there was a likelihood for B. fusca being displaced by C. partellus. Overall, the models predict the co-existence of fall armyworm with stemborer species as an additional pest of maize in Africa that need to be considered henceforth in designing IPM strategies in maize.

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