scholarly journals Prior Routine Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Important Outcomes in Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eilidh Bruce ◽  
Fenella Barlow-Pay ◽  
Roxanna Short ◽  
Arturo Vilches-Moraga ◽  
Angeline Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection causes acute lung injury, resulting from aggressive inflammation initiated by viral replication. There has been much speculation about the potential role of non-steroidal inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which increase the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a binding target for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to enter the host cell, which could lead to poorer outcomes in COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to examine the association between routine use of NSAIDs and outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. This was a multicentre, observational study, with data collected from adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to eight UK hospitals. Of 1222 patients eligible to be included, 54 (4.4%) were routinely prescribed NSAIDs prior to admission. Univariate results suggested a modest protective effect from the use of NSAIDs, but in the multivariable analysis, there was no association between prior NSAID use and time to mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) = 0.89, 95% CI 0.52–1.53, p = 0.67) or length of stay (aHR 0.89, 95% CI 0.59–1.35, p = 0.58). This study found no evidence that routine NSAID use was associated with higher COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised patients; therefore, patients should be advised to continue taking these medications until further evidence emerges. Our findings suggest that NSAID use might confer a modest benefit with regard to survival. However, as this finding was underpowered, further research is required.

scholarly journals ACE2 the Janus-faced protein – from cardiovascular protection to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhian M. Touyz ◽  
Hongliang Li ◽  
Christian Delles
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

Abstract Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the major enzyme responsible for conversion of Ang II into Ang-(1-7). It also acts as the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2, which causes Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. In recognition of the importance of ACE2 and to celebrate 20 years since its discovery, the journal will publish a focused issue on the basic science and (patho)physiological role of this multifunctional protein.

scholarly journals Endocrine Significance of SARS-CoV-2’s Reliance on ACE2

Endocrinology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lazartigues ◽  
Mirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir ◽  
Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Function ◽  
Endocrine Tissues

Abstract The current COVID-19 pandemic is the most disruptive event in the past 50 years, with a global impact on health care and world economies. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a coronavirus that uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry point to the cells. ACE2 is a transmembrane carboxypeptidase and member of the renin-angiotensin system. This mini-review summarizes the main findings regarding ACE2 expression and function in endocrine tissues. We discuss rapidly evolving knowledge on the potential role of ACE2 and SARS coronaviruses in endocrinology and the development of diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and pituitary and thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Role of natural drugs in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: potential beneficial effects in prevention or prior treatment in elderly and cancer patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Boccalone ◽  
Veronica Maria Lanni ◽  
Valerio Massimo Magro
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Natural Drugs

In 2019, a new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), aroused the attention of the entire world. It causes an acute respiratory disease, by involving the same receptor, i.e. the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, as that for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. The clinical symptoms in patients with of SARS-CoV-2 include fever, cough, dyspnea, fatigue and in a small percentage of patients also gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported...

scholarly journals Decrease in ACE2 mRNA expression in aged mouse lung

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sina Booeshaghi ◽  
Lior Pachter
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Aged Mouse ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Old Mice

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a critical receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This has led to extensive speculation on the role of ACE2 in disease severity, and in particular, whether variation in its expression can explain higher mortality in older individuals. We examine this question in mouse lung and show that 24-month old mice have significantly reduced ACE2 mRNA expression relative to 3-month old mice. The differences appear to be localized to ciliated cells.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal and kidney manifestations in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections: role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Maghool ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Hassan Emami ◽  
Samaneh Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Aida Heidari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Kidney Impairment

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020, which has a substantial structural similarity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that caused the outbreak in 2003, is currently a threat to global health. Lung involvement is the principal clinical feature in infected patients but extra-pulmonary clinical presentations are also common. The reasons for the extensive involvement of other organs are not yet clear. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the key peptide of renin–angiotensin system (RAS), has recently identified as a major receptor for the both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that might be a main target of coronavirus infection. ACE2 is mainly expressed in the pulmonary pneumocytes, the small intestine enterocytes as well as the proximal tubule epithelial cells of the kidneys. In addition to the respiratory tract infection symptoms, the noticeable prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms as well as kidney impairment in hospitalized infected patients highlights other routes of infection/transmission. In present review, we discussed the role of RAS with emphasis on ACE2 in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, particularly in gastrointestinal and kidney manifestations of the diseases.

scholarly journals Expression and clinical significance of SARS-COV-2 receptor ACE2 in colon cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Nie ◽  
Yutong Wang ◽  
Geting Wu ◽  
Xiaoyun He ◽  
Zhiming Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cancer Tissues ◽  
Entry Receptor

Abstract Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a crucial cell entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been identified as an oncogene in some tumour types. However, its role in colon cancer is poorly understood.Methods: Integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed to uncover the role of ACE2 in colon cancer-associated immunology. Results: The results showed that ACE2 was overexpressed in colon cancer tissues and correlated with poor survival. Moreover, ACE2 expression was closely associated with the immune-infiltrating levels of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and neutrophils. Conclusions: ACE2 is closely associated with colon cancer and may be involved in tumourigenesis and cancer–immune interactions, and could be a promising prognostic and therapeutic biomarker in colon cancer.

scholarly journals A Correlation among the COVID-19 Spread, Particulate Matters, and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zafran Khan ◽  
Daniya Ualiyeva ◽  
Asaf Khan ◽  
Nasib Zaman ◽  
Sanjeep Sapkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
Particulate Matters ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Air pollution (AP) is one of the leading causes of health risks because it causes widespread morbidity and mortality every year. Its impact on the environment includes acid rain and decreased visibility, but more importantly, it also has an impact on human health. The rise of COVID-19 demonstrates the cost of failing to manage AP. COVID-19 can be spread through the air, and atmospheric particulate matters (PMs) can create a good atmosphere for the long-distance spread of the virus. Moreover, these PMs can cause lung cell inflammation, thereby increasing sensitivity and the severity of symptoms in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we emphasized the potential role of PMs in the spread of COVID-19. The relationship among COVID-19, PMs, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (receptor involved in virus entry into lung cells and inflammation) was also summarized.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus 2 Infection: Role of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-235
Author(s):  
Jinho Shin
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Human Lung Cells

A role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been suggested, because it is the molecular receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). ACE2 is known to provide a protective effect for cardiac and vascular tissues, because it generally counteracts angiotensin II (Ang II) activity. ACE2 downregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may enhance ACE2 mRNA expression and enzyme activity. However, this has not been demonstrated in lung tissue. In the lungs, Ang II induces vasoconstriction to prevent ventilation perfusion mismatch, while also increasing vascular permeability (which can precipitate pulmonary edema). ACE2 is expressed in 0.67% of human lung cells, 80% of which are type 2 alveolar cells. Men (of all ethnicities) and Asian individuals have been shown to express higher levels of ACE2 than women and non-Asian individuals, respectively. However, there are no data from human studies indicating that high ACE2 expression increases the likelihood of SARS-CoV2 infection. In animal studies, an increase in Ang II caused by SARS-CoV2 or spike protein interactions, in turn due to ACE2 downregulation, has been identified as the key mechanism underlying lung injury. In human studies of SARS-CoV2 infection, ACE2 overexpression was shown to cause inflammatory apoptosis and a cytokine storm. The actions of ACE2 and Ang II in SARS-CoV2-infected vascular and lung tissues differ between animals and humans. ACE2 expression levels pre- and post-SARS-CoV2 infection should be differentiated.

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