scholarly journals In-Situ Epoxidation of Waste Cooking Oil and Its Methyl Esters for Lubricant Applications: Characterization and Rheology

Lubricants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Atanu Kumar Paul ◽  
Venu Babu Borugadda ◽  
Vaibhav V. Goud
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
In Situ Epoxidation

In the present investigation, in-situ epoxidation of waste cooking oil and its methyl esters was prepared, and the rheological behavior was analyzed for biolubricant applications. Rheological properties of the prepared epoxides were measured at a temperature of 25–100 °C, at a shear rate ranging from 5 to 300 s−1. As viscosity is one of the critical parameters for potential biolubricant applications, in the present study, the power-law model was used to investigate the flow behavior of the epoxides. The viscosity of epoxidized waste cooking oil and its methyl ester epoxides showed Newtonian flow behavior in the studied temperature range. Different shear rates (5–100, 5–300, 100–300 s−1) were studied to determine the shear rate dependency of the epoxidized waste cooking oil and its methyl ester epoxides at different temperatures. From the average viscosity values, it was shown that the epoxides show identical results at all shear rates. The dynamic viscosities of the epoxidized waste cooking oil and its methyl ester epoxides were found to be dependent on fatty acid chain length, unsaturation, and temperature. Detailed physicochemical characterization for epoxide waste cooking oil (EWCO) and epoxide waste cooking oil methyl esters (EWCOME) were carried out to evaluate the properties for suitable biolubricant applications using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) methods. Based on the viscosity for EWCO (278.9 mm2/s) and EWCOME (12.15 mm2/s) and viscosity index for EWCO (164.94) and EWCOME (151.97) of the prepared epoxides, they could complement the standard ISO vegetable grade (VG) lubricants in the market.

scholarly journals Shear-Induced and Nanofiber-Nucleated Crystallization of Novel Aliphatic–Aromatic Copolyesters Delineated for In Situ Generation of Biodegradable Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2315
Author(s):  
Ramin Hosseinnezhad
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Isothermal Crystallization ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Crystallization Time ◽  
Nucleation Density ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Biodegradable Nanocomposites ◽  
In Situ Generation

The shear-induced and cellulose-nanofiber nucleated crystallization of two novel aliphatic–aromatic copolyesters is outlined due to its significance for the in situ generation of biodegradable nanocomposites, which require the crystallization of nanofibrous sheared inclusions at higher temperatures. The shear-induced non-isothermal crystallization of two copolyesters, namely, poly(butylene adipate-co-succinate-co-glutarate-co-terephthalate) (PBASGT) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), was studied following a light depolarization technique. To have a deep insight into the process, the effects of the shear rate, shear time, shearing temperature and cooling rate on the initiation, kinetics, growth and termination of crystals were investigated. Films of 60 μm were subjected to various shear rates (100–800 s−1) for different time intervals during cooling. The effects of the shearing time and increasing the shear rate were found to be an elevated crystallization temperature, increased nucleation density, reduced growth size of lamella stacks and decreased crystallization time. Due to the boosted nucleation sites, the nuclei impinged with each other quickly and growth was hindered. The effect of the cooling rate was more significant at lower shear rates. Shearing the samples at lower temperatures, but still above the nominal melting point, further shifted the non-isothermal crystallization to higher temperatures. As a result of cellulose nanofibers’ presence, the crystallization of PBAT, analyzed by DSC, was shifted to higher temperatures.

Identification of Methyl Ester Content from Waste Cooking Oil Using Gas Chromatographic Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 660 ◽  
pp. 297-300
Author(s):  
Nor Hazwani Abdullah ◽  
Sulaiman Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ionization Detector ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Ester Content ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Acid Methyl

Waste cooking oil has always been an environment problem in food factories and one method of effect disposing this oil without effecting the environment is to convert it to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using small scale pilot plant. The conversion of waste cooking oil with sodium hydroxide as a catalyst in conversional process at 22kHz speed. The reaction of time, molar ratio, speed, catalyst and amount of catalyst will be effect in FAME quality. The quality of biodiesel define is total ester content using gas chromatography. Gas chromatography analysis is a one of technique for identification and quantitation of compounds in a biodiesel sample. From biodiesel sample can identification of contaminants and fatty acid methyl ester. In this research biodiesel sample were analyses using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector ( Perkin Elmer GC Model Clarus 500) equipped with a DB-5 HT capillary column ( 0.53mm x 5 m) J&W Scientific. The analytic conditions for ester content were as follow by: column temperature used 2100C, temperature flame ionization detector (FID) of 2500C, pressure of 80kPa, flow carrier gas of 1ml/min, temperature injector of 2500C, split flow rate of 50ml/min, time for analysis 20 minute and volume injected of 1 μl. The ester content (C), expresses as a mass fraction in present using formula (EN 14103, 2003a) calculation. Conversion of triglyceride (TG) to FAME using conversional process obtained 96.54 % w.t with methanol to oil molar ratio 6:1, 1%w.t acid sulphuric and 1% w.t sodium hydroxide catalyst.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by in-situ decorated TiO2 on reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

Energy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manash Jyoti Borah ◽  
Anuchaya Devi ◽  
Raktim Abha Saikia ◽  
Dhanapati Deka
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Reduced Graphene Oxide ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Reduced Graphene

In-situ alkaline enhanced two-stage anaerobic digestion system for waste cooking oil and sewage sludge co-digestion

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 221-229
Author(s):  
Wangwang Yan ◽  
Vel Vadivelu ◽  
Yogananda Maspolim ◽  
Yan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil

scholarly journals Rheology-based method for calculating polymer inaccessible pore volume in core flooding experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 04001 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. S. Ferreira ◽  
R. B. Z. L. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Core Flooding ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
The Core ◽  
Inaccessible Pore Volume

Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that reduces the mobility ratio between the displaced oil and the displacing injected water. The flow of polymer solutions through porous media is subject to some process-specific phenomena, such as the inaccessible pore volume (IAPV). Due to IAPV, polymer molecules move faster through the porous medium than smaller ones. Thus the IAPV value needs to be accounted for in experiments and field projects. Recent reports found that polymer in-situ rheology correlates with the IAPV. The objective of this paper is to develop a method for estimating IAPV based on the in-situ rheology of polymers. The methodology proposed here can be used in both single- and two-phase experiments. The technique requires measurement of polymer resistance factor (RF) and residual resistance factor (RRF) at steady state conditions. Core permeability, porosity, and residual oil saturation, as well as water and polymer bulk viscosities, also need to be taken into account. Correlations for polymer in-situ viscosity and shear rate are solved simultaneously, to wield an estimative for the IAPV. Aiming at to prove the method, we report 16 core-flooding experiments, eight single- and eight two-phase experiments. We used a flexible polymer and sandstone cores. All the tests were run using similar rock samples. In the single-phase experiments, we compare the alternative method with the classic tracer method to estimate IAPV. The results show an average relative difference of 11.5% between the methods. The two-phase results display, on average, an 18% relative difference to the IAPV measured in the single-phase experiments. The difference between single- and two-phase results can be an effect of the higher shear rates experienced in the two-phase floodings since, in these cases, the aqueous phase shear rate is also dependent on the phase saturation. Additionally, temperature, core length, pore pressure, and iron presence on the core did not show any influence on the IAPV for our two-phase experiments. The method proposed in this paper is limited by the accuracy of the pressure drop measurements across the core. For flexible polymers, the method is valid only for low and mid shear rates, but, accoording to literature, for rigid polymers the method should be accurate for a broad range of shear rates. The method proposed here allows the measurement of polymer IAPV on two- and single- phase core-flooding experiments when a tracer is not used.

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