Mechanical and Microstructural Characterisation of Cooling Pipes for the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at CERN

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a particle physics experiment situated on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Switzerland. The CMS upgrade (planned for 2025) involves installing a new advanced sensor system within the CMS tracker, the centre of the detector closest to the particle collisions. The increased heat load associated with these sensors has required the design of an enhanced cooling system that exploits the latent heat of 40 bar CO2. In order to minimise interaction with the incident radiation and improve the detector performance, the cooling pipes within this system need to be thin-walled (~100 μm) and strong enough to withstand these pressures. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the microstructure and mechanical properties of thin-walled cooling pipes currently in use in existing detectors to assess their potential for the tracker upgrade. In total, 22 different pipes were examined, which were composed of CuNi, SS316L, and Ti and were coated with Ni, Cu, and Au. The samples were characterised using computer tomography for 3D structural assessment, focused ion beam ring-core milling for microscale residual stress analysis, optical profilometry for surface roughness, optical microscopy for grain size analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for elemental analysis. Overall, this examination demonstrated that the Ni- and Cu-coated SS316L tubing was optimal due to a combination of low residual stress (20 MPa axial and 5 MPa hoop absolute), low coating roughness (0.4 μm Ra), minimal elemental diffusion, and a small void fraction (1.4%). This result offers a crucial starting point for the ongoing thin-walled pipe selection, development, and pipe-joining research required for the CMS tracker upgrade, as well as the widespread use of CO2 cooling systems in general.

Download Full-text

Coated abrasives. Grain size analysis

10.3403/01464762u ◽

2015 ◽

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Coated Abrasives

Download Full-text

Coated abrasives. Grain size analysis

10.3403/01894311 ◽

1998 ◽

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Coated Abrasives

Download Full-text

GRAIN-SIZE ANALYSIS AND MICRO-SCALE FEATURES IN MARS HAND LENS IMAGER (MAHLI) IMAGES FROM THE HARTMANN’S VALLEY MEMBER, MURRAY FORMATION, GALE CRATER, MARS: LINKS TO DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

10.1130/abs/2018se-312324 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Samantha Gwizd ◽

◽

Christopher M. Fedo ◽

John P. Grotzinger ◽

Kenneth Edgett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Depositional Environment ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Micro Scale ◽

Gale Crater

Download Full-text

Geochemical and Mineralogical Characterisation of Historic Zn–Pb Mine Waste, Plombières, East Belgium

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11010028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Srećko Bevandić ◽

Rosie Blannin ◽

Jacqueline Vander Auwera ◽

Nicolas Delmelle ◽

David Caterina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Mine Waste ◽

Geophysical Methods ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Mine Wastes ◽

Metallurgical Waste ◽

High Concentration ◽

Geochemical Properties ◽

Potential Applications

Mine wastes and tailings derived from historical processing may contain significant contents of valuable metals due to processing being less efficient in the past. The Plombières tailings pond in eastern Belgium was selected as a case study to determine mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the different mine waste materials found at the site. Four types of material were classified: soil, metallurgical waste, brown tailings and yellow tailings. The distribution of the mine wastes was investigated with drill holes, pit-holes and geophysical methods. Samples of the materials were assessed with grain size analysis, and mineralogical and geochemical techniques. The mine wastes dominantly consist of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The cover material, comprising soil and metallurgical waste is highly heterogeneous in terms of mineralogy, geochemistry and grain size. The metallurgical waste has a high concentration of metals (Zn: 0.1 to 24 wt.% and Pb: 0.1 to 10.1 wt.%). In the tailings materials, Pb and Zn vary from 10 ppm to 8.5 wt.% and from 51 ppm to 4 wt.%, respectively. The mining wastes comprises mainly quartz, amorphous phases and phyllosilicates, with minor contents of Fe-oxide and Pb- and Zn-bearing minerals. Based on the mineralogical and geochemical properties, the different potential applications of the four waste material types were determined. Additionally, the theoretical economic potential of Pb and Zn in the mine wastes was estimated.

Download Full-text

Centennial Impacts of the East Asian Summer Monsoon on Holocene Deltaic Evolution of the Huanghe River, China

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062799 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2799

Author(s):

Yanping Chen ◽

Wenzhe Lyu ◽

Tengfei Fu ◽

Yan Li ◽

Liang Yi

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Yellow River ◽

Asian Summer Monsoon ◽

River Delta ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Sediment Grain Size ◽

Huanghe River ◽

Huanghe River Delta ◽

The Huanghe River

The Huanghe River (Yellow River) is the most sediment laden river system in the world, and many efforts have been conducted to understand modern deltaic evolution in response to anthropological impacts. However, the natural background and its linkage to climatic changes are less documented in previous studies. In this work, we studied the sediments of core YDZ–3 and marine surface samples by grain-size analysis to retrieve Holocene dynamics of the Huanghe River delta in detail. The main findings are as follows: The mean value of sediment grain size of the studied core is 5.5 ± 0.9 Φ, and silt and sand contents are 5.2 ± 2.3% and 8.2 ± 5.3%, respectively, while the variance of clay particles is relatively large with an average value of 86.4 ± 8.5%. All grain-size data can be mathematically partitioned by a Weibull-based function formula, and three subgroups were identified with modal sizes of 61.1 ± 28.9 μm, 30.0 ± 23.9 μm, and 2.8 ± 1.6 μm, respectively. There are eight intervals with abrupt changes in modal size of core YDZ–3, which can be correlated to paleo-superlobe migration of the Huanghe River in the Holocene. Based on these observations, the presence of seven superlobes in the history are confirmed for the first time and their ages are well constrained in this study, including Paleo-Superlobes Lijin (6400–5280 yr BP), Huanghua (4480–4190 yr BP), Jugezhuang (3880–3660 yr BP), Shajinzi (3070–2870 yr BP), Nigu (2780–2360 yr BP), Qikou (2140–2000 yr BP), and Kenli (1940–1780 and 1700–1650 yr BP). By tuning geomorphological events to a sedimentary proxy derived from core YDZ–3 and comparing to various paleoenvironmental changes, we proposed that winter climate dominated Holocene shifts of the Huanghe River delta on millennial timescales, while summer monsoons controlled deltaic evolution on centennial timescales.

Download Full-text

Middle Holocene Coastal Environmental and Climate Change on the Southern Coast of Korea

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11010230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 230

Author(s):

Hoil Lee ◽

Jin-Young Lee ◽

Seungwon Shin

Keyword(s):

Sea Level Rise ◽

Sea Level ◽

Stable Carbon Isotopes ◽

Asian Summer Monsoon ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Freshwater Input ◽

Reclaimed Land ◽

Middle Holocene ◽

Southwest Coast

We obtained a 15 m drill core from Deukryang Bay on the southwest coast of Korea, which is now an area of reclaimed land used for agriculture. We investigated changes in the depositional environment and hydrological climate responses to sea level changes using sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, grain-size analysis, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). Sediment deposition began at 12,000 cal yr BP and was divided into four stages based on changes from fluvial to intertidal environments related to Holocene marine transgression events. Stage 1 (>10,000 cal yr BP) is represented by fluvial sediments; Stage 2 (10,000–7080 cal yr BP) is represented by the deposition of mud facies in an intertidal zone in response to sea level rise; Stage 3 (7080–3300 cal yr BP) was a period of gradually descending sea level following the Holocene maximum sea level and is characterized by gradual changes in TOC, TS, and C/S ratios compared with the mud facies of Stage 2. Stage 4 (3300 to present) was deposited in a supratidal zone and contains low TS and an abundance of TOC. Based on our TS and C/S ratio results, the south coast of Korea was mainly affected by sea level rise between 7000 and 3000 cal yr BP, during the middle Holocene. At 3000 cal yr BP, sea level began to stabilize or gradually decrease. In addition, changes in δ13C values are clearly observed since ca. 5000 cal yr BP, in particular, large hydrological changes via freshwater input are confirmed in 4000–3000 cal yr BP. We consider these shifts in freshwater input indicators of an increased influence of El Niño and La Niña conditions, related to the weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Western Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene climatic optimum (between 7800 and 5000 cal yr BP). The cooling periods of SST in East Asia between 8400 and 6600 cal yr BP reported from the west coast of Korea are related closely to changes in vegetation (as evidenced by δ13C) from 7700 cal yrs BP to the present in the southwest coast of Korea. We interpret the freshwater input events at 4000–3000 cal yr BP to be related to changes in SST in response to the weakening of the EASM on the southwest coast of Korea. However, additional research is needed to study the southward migration effect of the westerly jet related to SST and atmospheric circulation controlling terrestrial climate in the middle Holocene.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Geotechnical Properties of Laterite, Kaolin and Peat

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1438 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 773-774 ◽

pp. 1438-1442 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Siti Aimi Nadia Mohd Yusoff ◽

I. Bakar ◽

Devapriya Chitral Wijeyesekera ◽

Adnan Zainorabidin ◽

Aziman Madun

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Initial Moisture Content ◽

General Information ◽

Geotechnical Properties ◽

Grain Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Proctor Test ◽

Construction Operation ◽

Soil Behaviour

This paper compares some geotechnical properties of Kaolin, Laterite and Peat. Laterite was collected from Bukit Banang while Peat sample was collected from Parit Nipah, both locations were in Batu Pahat, Johor. Meanwhile, kaolin that was used in this research was manufactured kaolin. These soil samples were subjected to routine laboratory analysis and resulting data were analyzed statistically using a correlation analysis. A laboratory testing program consists of “Basic properties test” to obtain general information on the materials (e.g Natural moisture content, Atterberg Limit, Specific gravity, grain size analysis, chemical composition and pH) and “Geotechnical properties tests” to measure specific properties that characterize soil behaviour for design and constructability assessments (e.g Standard Proctor Test, Unconfined Compressive Strength and CBR).The results showed that the Natural/initial moisture content for laterite, peat and kaolin is 22.54%, 480.61% and 0.22% respectively. Meanwhile Specific gravity for each soil was in the range 1.50-2.79.It was also found that the pH of all soil is acidic which lay in the range of 3.76-5.95.The UCS for the optimally compacted sample of laterite is 445.77 kPa, kaolin is 199.23 kPa and for peat is 58.70 kPa. This paper summarizes the result of analysis performed on all tests conducted. Based on the results, the geotechnical property of the soil is a highly dependent with the type of soil and therefore, determining the soil characterization and the soil strength should be considered during the planning phase of any earthwork construction operation.

Download Full-text