scholarly journals Allograft Vesicoureteral Reflux after Kidney Transplantation

Medicina ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Alessandra Brescacin ◽  
Samuele Iesari ◽  
Sonia Guzzo ◽  
Carlo Maria Alfieri ◽  
Ruggero Darisi ◽  
...  

Allograft vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a leading urological complication of kidney transplantation. Despite the relatively high incidence, there is a lack of consensus regarding VUR risk factors, impact on renal function, and management. Dialysis vintage and atrophic bladder have been recognized as the most relevant recipient-related determinants of post-transplant VUR, whilst possible relationships with sex, age, and ureteral implantation technique remain debated. Clinical manifestations vary from an asymptomatic condition to persistent or recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Voiding cystourethrography is widely accepted as the gold standard diagnostic modality, and the reflux is generally graded following the International Reflux Study Committee Scale. Long-term transplant outcomes of recipients with asymptomatic grade I-III VUR are yet to be clarified. On the contrary, available data suggest that symptomatic grade IV-V VUR may lead to progressive allograft dysfunction and premature transplant loss. Therapeutic options include watchful waiting, prolonged antibiotic suppression, sub-mucosal endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer at the site of the ureteral anastomosis, and surgery. Indication for specific treatments depends on recipient’s characteristics (age, frailty, compliance with antibiotics), renal function (serum creatinine concentration < 2.5 vs. ≥ 2.5 mg/dL), severity of UTIs, and VUR grading (grade I-III vs. IV-V). Current evidence supporting surgical referral over more conservative strategies is weak. Therefore, a tailored approach should be preferred. Properly designed studies, with adequate sample size and follow-up, are warranted to clarify those unresolved issues.

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
Aline Dos Santos ◽  
Ana Caroline Balducci Scafi ◽  
Luciene Azevedo Morais ◽  
Pablo Girardelli Mendonça Mesquita

RESUMOIntrodução: A Granulomatose de Wegener (GW) é uma vasculite rara e idiopática associada à presença do anticorpo Anticitoplasma de Neutrófilo (ANCA) que acomete, preferencialmente, os pequenos vasos. As manifestações clínicas são diversas, ocorrendo em mais de 90% dos casos, sintomas do trato respiratório. O comprometimento renal é tardio e preditor de mau prognóstico.  Sua morbidade a médio e longo prazo inclui insuficiência renal crônica. A probabilidade de sucesso de manutenção da função renal depende da concentração sérica de creatinina ao início do tratamento, o que indica a importância do diagnóstico e terapêutica adequada precoces. Casuística: Relata-se o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 61 anos, portadora de GW com comprometimento renal avançado à apresentação não precedido por sintomas pulmonares esperados. O tratamento imunossupressor associado a plasmaferese permitiu a melhora da função renal da paciente poupando-a de tornar-se dialítica- dependente. Discussão: A paciente iniciou a doença através de insuficiência renal assintomática, com valores de função renal compatíveis com o estágio mais avançado de doença renal crônica, ultrassonografia dos rins sem alterações compatíveis e sem os sintomas respiratórios esperados. Segundo a literatura, a combinação de imunossupressores e plasmaferese associa-se à recuperação renal em três meses com sobrevivência sem necessidade de diálise por 12 meses, no caso relatado, obteve-se tal resultado em 22 dias sem a necessidade de diálise após um ano. Conclusão: Devido ao diagnóstico precoce, o tratamento adequado foi instalado rapidamente proporcionando à paciente um aumento da expectativa e da qualidade de vida, evitando dependência de terapia renal substitutiva.Palavras-Chave: Granulomatose de Wegener, Plasmaferese, Doença renal crônica.  ABSTRACTIntroduction: The Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) is a rare and idiopathic vasculitis associated with the presence of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA), that affects, preferentially, the small vessels. The clinical manifestations are diverse, occurring in over 90% of cases, symptoms in the respiratory tract. Kidney damage is a late and bad prognostic predictor. Morbidity in the medium and long term includes chronic renal failure. The probability of renal function maintenance success depends on serum creatinine concentration at the beginning of treatment that indicates the importance of early diagnosis and deployment of an appropriate therapy. Case Report: We present a case of a 61-year-old female patient, carrier of GW with advanced renal impairment presentation, not preceded by expected pulmonary symptoms. The immunosuppressive treatment associated with plasmapheresis allowed the improvement of the patient’s renal function, saving her from becoming dialysis-dependent Discussion: The patient developed the disease through asymptomatic renal failure, renal function with values that are compatible with the most advanced stage of chronic kidney disease, ultrasound of the kidneys without compatible changes and without the expected respiratory symptoms. According to the literature, the combination of immunosuppressive drugs and plasmapheresis is associated with renal recovery in three months with survival without dialysis for 12 months. In this case, a result was obtained in 22 days without the need for dialysis after one year. Conclusion: Due to the early diagnosis, appropriate treatment was quickly installed giving the patient increased life expectancy and quality, preventing dependence on renal replacement therapy.Keywords: Wegener’s granulomatosis, Plasmapheresis, Chronic renal failure.


Author(s):  
Demet Alaygut ◽  
Eren Soyaltın ◽  
Elif Perihan Öncel ◽  
İsmail Sert ◽  
Cem Tuğmen ◽  
...  

Objective: Demographical, pre-transplantation and post-transplantation features and post-treatment results of four pediatric cases, who had vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the graft kidney, were discussed. Methods: Transplantation age, primary diagnosis, VUR to pretransplantation in native kidneys, history of bladder dysfunction, bladder capacity, results of urodynamic studies, donor and its features, induction treatments and ongoing immunosuppressive treatments, acute rejection episodes, CMV and BK infections, VUR grade in the renal graft, DMSA results, treatment type and its outcomes, and the renal graft functions of four patients who underwent kidney transplantation at Tepecik Training and Research Hospital between 2008 and 2016 and for whom VUR was determined via voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) due to recurrent urinary tract infections, were evaluated. Results: All of four cases were female. Their mean transplantation age was 8.7 years (5-16). High grade (Grade 4) VUR was determined in the graft kidney in all but one. DMSA included multiple scar foci apart from one case having low grade VUR. Cases were primarily treated endoscopically and then by open surgery. Spontaneous recovery occurred in one case. Graft dysfunction was not observed in any of the cases. Conclusion: VUR is an important risk factor in recurrent urinary tract infections after post-transplantation. A special assessment should be done for the patient in the presence of VUR and conservative and surgical treatments should be executed together. It should be remembered that VUR can be spontaneously regressed by the bladder capacity increasing treatments and prophylaxis.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda C. Lee ◽  
Armando J. Lorenzo ◽  
Martin A. Koyle

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a common bacterial cause of febrile illness in children. Of children presenting with a febrile UTI, 25‒40% are found to have vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Historically, the concern regarding VUR was that it could lead to recurrent pyelonephritis, renal scarring, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. As a result, many children underwent invasive surgical procedures to correct VUR. We now know that many cases of VUR are low-grade and have a high rate of spontaneous resolution. The roles of surveillance, antibiotic prophylaxis, endoscopic injection, and ureteral reimplantation surgery also continue to evolve. In turn, these factors have influenced the investigation of febrile UTIs.Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is the radiographic test of choice to diagnose VUR. Due to its invasive nature and questionable benefit in many cases, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) no longer recommends VCUG routinely after an initial febrile UTI. Nevertheless, these guidelines pre-date the landmark Randomized Intervention of Children with Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) trial and there continues to be controversy regarding the diagnosis and management of VUR. This paper discusses the current literature regarding radiographic testing in children with febrile UTIs and presents a practical risk-based approach for deciding when to obtain a VCUG.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1710
Author(s):  
Stefania Arasi ◽  
Carla Mastrorilli ◽  
Luca Pecoraro ◽  
Mattia Giovannini ◽  
Francesca Mori ◽  
...  

Infants affected by Heiner syndrome (HS) display chronic upper or lower respiratory tract infections, including otitis media or pneumonia. Clinically, gastrointestinal signs and symptoms, anemia, recurrent fever and failure to thrive can be also present. Chest X-rays can show patchy infiltrates miming pneumonia. Clinical manifestations usually disappear after a milk-free diet. The pathogenetic mechanism underlying HS remains unexplained, but the formation of immune complexes and the cell-mediated reaction have been proposed. Patients usually outgrow this hypersensitivity within a few years. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview on the current evidence on HS in children, with a critical approach on the still undefined points of this interesting disease. Finally, we propose the first structured diagnostic approach for HS.


Author(s):  
Mahmoud Elsayed Mahmoud Fadl ◽  
Anwar Suwailem Almutairi ◽  
Amal Muteb S. Alshalan

Background: Primary vesicoureteral reflux is a basic influencing for urinary tract infections in children. The basic technique for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux is voiding cystourethrography, accompanied with cystoscintigraphy. Voiding cystourethrography has the benefit of only minor irradiation. However it does no longer permit the morphological assessment of bladder and vesicoureteral reflux grading. Colored-Doppler cystosonography with echocontrast is a currently delivered technique for imaging vesicoureteral reflux. The purpose of our study is to explore the role of Radiographic Imaging in diagnosis and follow‐up of vesicoureteral reflux. Method: A systematic review was carried out, (including PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCO) of imaging modalities used to detect or evaluate vesicoureteral reflux disease. The found articles were screened by titles, and abstracts. No software will be utilized to analyze the data. The review was performed by the group members and each verified by at least two, to ensure the validity and minimize the mistakes. Results and Conclusion: Colour-Doppler cystosonography, due to the nonexistence of ionizing radiations, has great benefits, mainly in cases requiring continued or prolonged monitoring. In spite of practices stated in the literature, this procedure has a role in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux. Our group chooses colour-Doppler cystosonography for the follow-up of medium-severe grade vesicoureteral reflux previously diagnosed by radiology and/or scintigraphy. Cystoscintigraphy is used only to confirm cases resulting negative at ultrasonography. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gani Ceku ◽  
Mile Petrovski ◽  
Shaban Memeti ◽  
Nexhmi Hyseni ◽  
Sejdi Statovci ◽  
...  

The main objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the value of surgical approach in the treatment of children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Material and method: The study was conducted in the period from January 2006 to December 2014, and included children with symptomatic VUR, who were surgically treated. A total of 72 children were treated, of whom 56 were females and 16 were males, aged between 2 and 16 years. They were treated with IV and V grade reflux ureters. Thirty-two of the unilateral refluxes were left-sided, 18 right-sided and 22 both-sided. VUR was diagnosed with Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Cohen technique was performed in 64 (90%) patients, Politano-Lead better technique in 4 (5%) patients and Lich-Gregoir technique in 4 (5%) patients. Results: Out of the 72 treated patients, 69 had a postoperative negative finding of VUR on the performed VCUG, indicating a high 95% success rate. In three girls, persistent postoperative reflux was found in postoperative VCUG. In the first patient persistent VUR was unilateral, of  V grade. In the second patient, a third-degree VUR was found and the third patient was diagnosed with II grade VUR. Postoperatively, non-febrile UTIs (urinary tract infections) were diagnosed in 23 patients (20 female children and 3 male children) out of 72 patients in total. One female child was hospitalized with febrile UTI and 8 patients or 10% developed febrile UTI within one year of the operative treatment. Conclusion: Open surgery, despite excellent results, is used for more complicated cases, VUR grade IV – V or in previously failed cases, and it does not appear to provide definitive correction of VUR in all patients and does not prevent certain low incidence of UTI postoperatively. Non-febrile UTIs can occur several years after a surgical correction. Endoscopic treatment is an alternative treatment for VUR


BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuji Maruyama ◽  
Kentaro Mizuno ◽  
Hidenori Nishio ◽  
Taiki Kato ◽  
Takashi Hamakawa ◽  
...  

Abstract Background To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic injection therapy for vesicoureteral reflux in post-pubertal patients with dilated ureteral orifice via modified hydrodistension implantation techniques. Methods We retrospectively reviewed medical records including operational procedure and clinical course of all consecutive patients over 12 years old with a history of injection therapy. Endoscopic injection of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer was performed under hydrodistension implantation technique with some modifications in order to inject through dilated ureteral orifice align with the intramural ureter. Technical selections were done according to hydrodistension grade of the ureteral orifice. Voiding cystourethrography was evaluated at 3 months postoperatively. Hydronephrosis was evaluated using ultrasonography preoperatively until 6 months postoperatively. Results From 2016 to 2019, 12 patients (all female, 16 ureteral units; median age 32 [range 15–61] years) underwent endoscopic injection therapy at one of our institutions. We have identified grade II vesicoureteral reflux in 5 ureters, grade III in 8, and grade IV in 3 ureters. Grade 3 ureteral-orifice dilation were presented in 12 ureters (75%), grade 2 in 3 and grade 1 in 1 ureter in the present cases. Postoperatively, vesicoureteral reflux was diminished to grade 0 in 12 ureteral units (75%), decreased to grade I in 3 (9%), and remained grade III in 1 (6%). Three patients reported dull flank pain for several days postoperatively and there was 1 case of acute pyelonephritis. Temporary hydronephrosis was confirmed in 3 ureteral units (19%) at 1 month postoperatively. Median follow-up duration was 23 (range 13–63) months long. Although, 3 patients were experienced f-UTI 1–2 times, repeated VCUG showed no VUR recurrence. Conclusions According to hydrodistension grade of the ureteral orifice, endoscopic injection therapy via modified hydrodistension implantation technique is an effective and safe treatment for vesicoureteral reflux in post-pubertal female patients with dilated ureteral orifice. While ureteral deformities or a history of anti-reflux surgery may increase the risks, these can be managed with appropriate methods that ensure sufficient mound appearance and height.


2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Pisaruk ◽  
Nikita Povalyaev ◽  
Maria Sorokina ◽  
Elvira Domonova ◽  
Elizaveta Kotova ◽  
...  

Abstract Background and Aims The relation between microorganisms and renal lesions in IE has bilateral nature: urinary tract infections may be source of systemic invasion that will cause IE, IE causative microorganisms may cause inflammatory changes in glomeruli or be disseminated in renal parenchyma gematogenously with the formation of the abscesses in case of fragmentation or migration of the vegetations. IE-associated GN - is an immune-mediated GN caused by bacterial infection. More commonly GN presented in cases of streptococcal and staphylococcal IE. For renal embolism is typical association with staphylococcal infection, and there are documented cases of renal infarctions in IE caused by S. pneumonia, and C. burnetti. The effect of microorganisms on other clinical manifestations of kidney damage in IE has not been studied. Method The study included 209 patients with verified IE. All patients were performed bacteriological and 81(38,8%) parallel one-moment biomolecular (PCR or PCR with follow-up sequenition) tests. In case of death or cardiac surgery, affected valves (n=15) were tested with the same technique. To asses renal function we calculated glomerular filtration rate with CKD-EPI formula. AKI, AKD and CKD were diagnosed in accordance with present guidelines [KDIGO, 2012]. Results Renal ivolvement into the pathological process trended higher in patients with Gr- (p=0,016) and few causative microorganisms (p=0,039). There are significant differences in incidence of different renal syndromes in patients with MRSA, Gr- and few causative microorganisms - these patients more often had acute nephritic syndrome (respectively p=0,036; p=0,005; p=0,003) (tab. 1). Impairment in the renal function was significantly associated with MRSA (p=0,012), Gr- (p=0,01) and few causative microorganisms (p=0,003). In addition long-lasting renal impairment was observed: patients with MRSA had median time of worsening of the renal function 9 days (IQR 4-14), with Gram-negative microorganisms median time was 9 days (IQR 5-12), with polyflora 10 days (IQR 7-14). But there were no significant differences in median time of renal function worsening in patients with other causative microorganisms. Incidence of AKI and AKD depending on causative organism did not significantly differ. Conclusion Kidney lesions in IE significantly associated with Gr- microorganisms, MRSA and with the presence of 2 or more causative microorganisms. Clinical spectrum of renal lesions is diverse: from the changes in the urine sediment to longstanding kidney dysfunction.


2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane S Palmer ◽  
Adam S Howe

The voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a fluoroscopic examination commonly used in pediatrics to assess the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) disease and the structure and function of the bladder and urethra. Along with hydronephrosis and febrile urinary tract infections, the indications for VCUG are vast. Protocols set in place and modern techniques have helped reduce radiation exposure during VCUG to 1.7 to 5.2 mrad. Proper patient preparation and sterile technique during catheter placement are of the upmost importance. The bladder is filled with contrast to the patient’s capacity, followed by the patient voiding. A scout film (anteroposterior [AP]) along with views of early filling (AP), bladder capacity (AP and oblique), voiding (AP and oblique), and postvoid (AP) are obtained. VUR is diagnosed, and its grading system is determined by the VCUG study. Cyclic VCUG, PIC cystography, and radionucleotide VCUG are alternative techniques in diagnosing VUR. Neurogenic bladder, along with its associated pathologies, can be easily characterized by the VCUG examination, as can cloacal and urogenital sinuses via the contrasted study. Bladder ruptures, bladder masses, urachal anomalies, functional disorders of the bladder neck, and a host of urethral pathologies (most notably posterior urethral valves) can be diagnosed by VCUG. This review contains 62 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 9 references Key words: voiding cystourethrography, fluoroscopy, radiology, imaging, pediatric, urology, vesicoureteral reflux


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