scholarly journals Current Practice in Untargeted Human Milk Metabolomics

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Ten-Doménech ◽  
Victoria Ramos-Garcia ◽  
José David Piñeiro-Ramos ◽  
María Gormaz ◽  
Anna Parra-Llorca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Cell Debris ◽  
Dynamic Composition ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

Human milk (HM) is considered the gold standard for infant nutrition. HM contains macro- and micronutrients, as well as a range of bioactive compounds (hormones, growth factors, cell debris, etc.). The analysis of the complex and dynamic composition of HM has been a permanent challenge for researchers. The use of novel, cutting-edge techniques involving different metabolomics platforms has permitted to expand knowledge on the variable composition of HM. This review aims to present the state-of-the-art in untargeted metabolomic studies of HM, with emphasis on sampling, extraction and analysis steps. Workflows available from the literature have been critically revised and compared, including a comprehensive assessment of the achievable metabolome coverage. Based on the scientific evidence available, recommendations for future untargeted HM metabolomics studies are included.

Formulas for the Healthy Term Infant

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Frank R. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Healthy Term Infant ◽  
Made In

Human milk remains the gold standard for infant nutrition. As a nutritional source, it shows a relatively large degree of both intra- and inter-individual variability in composition. It can be said that the more we learn about the unique compositional qualities of human milk, the more there is to learn. Although it is unreasonable to expect any artificial formula to duplicate this mammary gland secretion, this has remained an elusive goal of nutritionists and formula companies throughout the 20th century. Infant formulas have changed substantially since the burgeoning of the modern formula industry in the 1950s. Many of these changes, such as the additions of iron, vitamin D, and perhaps vitamin K, addressed specific well-documented deficiencies and actually moved infant formula away from the composition of human milk. However, the majority of the changes made in recent years have been attempts to bring formulas closer in composition to human milk. The additions of taurine and carnitine, further reductions in sodium content, and increases in the percent of whey protein, though advantageous theoretically, have remained of questionable benefit when subjected to rigorous scientific methods. Much of the supporting research for formula modifications is sponsored by the formula industry, the results of which are then widely advertised in circulars aimed at practitioners involved in the care of infants.

scholarly journals Potential Benefits of Bovine Colostrum in Pediatric Nutrition and Health

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2551
Author(s):  
Per Torp Sangild ◽  
Caitlin Vonderohe ◽  
Valeria Melendez Hebib ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Nutritional Supplement ◽  
Bovine Colostrum ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Potential Benefits

Bovine colostrum (BC), the first milk produced from cows after parturition, is increasingly used as a nutritional supplement to promote gut function and health in other species, including humans. The high levels of whey and casein proteins, immunoglobulins (Igs), and other milk bioactives in BC are adapted to meet the needs of newborn calves. However, BC supplementation may improve health outcomes across other species, especially when immune and gut functions are immature in early life. We provide a review of BC composition and its effects in infants and children in health and selected diseases (diarrhea, infection, growth-failure, preterm birth, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), short-bowel syndrome, and mucositis). Human trials and animal studies (mainly in piglets) are reviewed to assess the scientific evidence of whether BC is a safe and effective antimicrobial and immunomodulatory nutritional supplement that reduces clinical complications related to preterm birth, infections, and gut disorders. Studies in infants and animals suggest that BC should be supplemented at an optimal age, time, and level to be both safe and effective. Exclusive BC feeding is not recommended for infants because of nutritional imbalances relative to human milk. On the other hand, adverse effects, including allergies and intolerance, appear unlikely when BC is provided as a supplement within normal nutrition guidelines for infants and children. Larger clinical trials in infant populations are needed to provide more evidence of health benefits when patients are supplemented with BC in addition to human milk or formula. Igs and other bioactive factors in BC may work in synergy, making it critical to preserve bioactivity with gentle processing and pasteurization methods. BC has the potential to become a safe and effective nutritional supplement for several pediatric subpopulations.

An Animal Protection Sponsor's View of MEIC

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-345
Author(s):  
Ethel Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Animal Tests ◽  
Lethal Blood

The Multicenter Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity programme is most important to animal protection, since it has validated 64 in vitro tests using advanced human data for 50 chemicals as the “gold standard”. Therefore, it has been able to compare animal cell tests, human cell tests and whole-animal tests fairly with unbiased scientific evidence. Added bonuses have included the identification and development of missing in vitro information (“missing tests”), publication of time-related lethal blood concentrations for all 50 chemicals, and some preliminary plans to resolve the 50,000 untested (or poorly tested) chemicals in the chemical mountain.

scholarly journals Partial derivatives meta-analysis: pooled analyses when individual participant data cannot be shared

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hieab HH Adams ◽  
Hadie Adams ◽  
Lenore J Launer ◽  
Sudha Seshadri ◽  
Reinhold Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Individual Participant Data ◽  
Partial Derivatives ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Post Hoc

Joint analysis of data from multiple studies in collaborative efforts strengthens scientific evidence, with the gold standard approach being the pooling of individual participant data (IPD). However, sharing IPD often has legal, ethical, and logistic constraints for sensitive or high-dimensional data, such as in clinical trials, observational studies, and large-scale omics studies. Therefore, meta-analysis of study-level effect estimates is routinely done, but this compromises on statistical power, accuracy, and flexibility. Here we propose a novel meta-analytical approach, named partial derivatives meta-analysis, that is mathematically equivalent to using IPD, yet only requires the sharing of aggregate data. It not only yields identical results as pooled IPD analyses, but also allows post-hoc adjustments for covariates and stratification without the need for site-specific re-analysis. Thus, in case that IPD cannot be shared, partial derivatives meta-analysis still produces gold standard results, which can be used to better inform guidelines and policies on clinical practice.

scholarly journals The system of the quality control and the safety of baby food, the prospects of its development

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091-1095
Author(s):  
Olga V. Georgieva ◽  
L. S. Konovalova ◽  
I. Ya. Kon'
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
The Difference ◽  
European Standards

In the article there is considered the substantiation of raise demands to the chemical composition of children’s food and indices of their safety, with taking into account the immaturity of metabolic and physiological processes and limitations of “depot” of nutrients in babies. Based on research results of leading experts in the field of children’s nutritiology and according to the recommendations of the Codex Alimentarius of the Commission of FAO/WHO, ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition, the EFSA recommendations and EUDirectives there were specified requirements for the ingredient composition, content of essential components and indices of the nutritional value of substitutes for human milk and functional products for the nutrition of infants of the first year of life. There are shown stages of the development of the Russian system of hygienic requirements for baby food, and the direction of its harmonization with international and European standards, particularly for substitutes for human milk and products of dietary therapeutic and dietary preventive nutrition for babies. There are considered aspects of the introduction ofproducts and weaning food dishes into the food ration of infants. There is presented the classification ofproducts of children’s food and the assortment of each group of weaning foods. There is provided the modern legislative framework in the field of the quality and safety for infant nutrition. There was shown the difference between domestic legislation and regulatory framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union of the European countries in the field offood products safety for children older three years. There are presented proposals on the creation of the single regulatory base within the framework of the EurAsEC Customs Union for control the quality and safety of all the baby foods

scholarly journals Intractable Posterior Epistaxis due to a Spontaneous Low-Flow Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
A. Giotakis ◽  
F. Kral ◽  
H. Riechelmann ◽  
M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Cavernous Sinus ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Digital Subtraction ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Therapeutic Procedures ◽  
Carotid Cavernous Sinus Fistula

We report a case of a 90-year-old patient with intractable posterior epistaxis presenting as the only symptom of a nontraumatic low-flow carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Purpose of this case report is to introduce low-flow carotid-cavernous sinus fistula in the differential diagnosis of intractable posterior epistaxis. We provide a literature review for the sequence of actions for the confrontation of posterior epistaxis. We also emphasize the significance of the radiological diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the management of posterior epistaxis due to pathology of the cavernous sinus. The gold-standard diagnostic procedure of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula is digital subtraction angiography (DSA). DSA with coils is also the state-of-the-art therapy. By failure of DSA, neurosurgery or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) may be used as alternatives. SRS may also be used as enhancement procedure of the DSA. Considering the prognosis of a successfully closed carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, recanalization occurs only in a minority of patients. Close follow-up is advised.

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