scholarly journals Catalysis of Chlorovirus Production by the Foraging of Bursaria truncatella on Paramecia bursaria Containing Endosymbiotic Algae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2170
Author(s):  
Zeina T. Al-Ameeli ◽  
Maitham M. Al-Sammak ◽  
John P. DeLong ◽  
David D. Dunigan ◽  
James L. Van Van Etten
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Fecal Pellets ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae ◽  
Additional Support

Chloroviruses are large viruses that replicate in chlorella-like green algae and normally exist as mutualistic endosymbionts (referred to as zoochlorellae) in protists such as Paramecium bursaria. Chlorovirus populations rise and fall in indigenous waters through time; however, the factors involved in these virus fluctuations are still under investigation. Chloroviruses attach to the surface of P. bursaria but cannot infect their zoochlorellae hosts because the viruses cannot reach the zoochlorellae as long as they are in the symbiotic phase. Predators of P. bursaria, such as copepods and didinia, can bring chloroviruses into contact with zoochlorellae by disrupting the paramecia, which results in an increase in virus titers in microcosm experiments. Here, we report that another predator of P. bursaria, Bursaria truncatella, can also increase chlorovirus titers. After two days of foraging on P. bursaria, B. truncatella increased infectious chlorovirus abundance about 20 times above the controls. Shorter term foraging (3 h) resulted in a small increase of chlorovirus titers over the controls and more foraging generated more chloroviruses. Considering that B. truncatella does not release viable zoochlorellae either during foraging or through fecal pellets, where zoochlorellae could be infected by chlorovirus, we suggest a third pathway of predator virus catalysis. By engulfing the entire protist and digesting it slowly, virus replication can occur within the predator and some of the virus is passed out through a waste vacuole. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis that predators of P. bursaria are important drivers of chlorovirus population sizes and dynamics.

scholarly journals Metabolic Symbiosis Facilitates Species Coexistence and Generates Light-Dependent Priority Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Hsu ◽  
Holly V. Moeller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Priority Effects ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Cascading Effects

Metabolic symbiosis is a form of symbiosis in which organisms exchange metabolites, typically for mutual benefit. For example, acquired phototrophs like Paramecium bursaria obtain photosynthate from endosymbiotic green algae called Chlorella. In addition to facilitating the persistence of P. bursaria by providing a carbon source that supplements P. bursaria’s heterotrophic digestion of bacteria, symbiotic Chlorella may impact competitive interactions between P. bursaria and other bacterivores, with cascading effects on community composition and overall diversity. Here, we tested the effects of metabolic symbiosis on coexistence by assessing the impacts of acquired phototrophy on priority effects, or the effect of species arrival order on species interactions, between P. bursaria and its competitor Colpidium. Our results suggest light-dependent priority effects. The acquired phototroph benefited from metabolic symbiosis during sequential arrival of each organism in competition, and led to increased growth of late-arriving Colpidium. These findings demonstrate that understanding the consequences of priority effects for species coexistence requires consideration of metabolic symbiosis.

Cloning and characterization of endosymbiotic algae isolated from Paramecium bursaria

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 203 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nishihara ◽  
S. Horiike ◽  
T. Takahashi ◽  
T. Kosaka ◽  
Y. Shigenaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae

scholarly journals A Maastrichtian microbial reef and associated limestones in the Roca Formation of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fossil Record ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kiessling ◽  
R. Scasso ◽  
M. Aberhan ◽  
L. Ruiz ◽  
S. Weidemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Fecal Pellets ◽  
Reef Structure ◽  
Isotope Data ◽  
Water Conditions ◽  
Cement Crusts ◽  
Mixed Carbonate

Abstract. We describe a small microbial reef and associated limestones occurring in a Maastrichtian transgressive succession of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic lithologies at Sierra Huantraico near Chos Malal (Neuquén, Argentina). Strontium isotope data suggest that the reef is of earliest Maastrichtian age. The small reef (0.8 m thick, 2 m wide) is mostly composed of peloidal bindstone, dense stromatolite-cement crusts and thrombolite. Except for some ostracods, no metazoan fossils were found in the reef structure, although the majority of peloids are fecal pellets, probably of larger crustaceans. Small foraminifers with calcite tests and probable green algae have also been noted. Sedimentological data and fossils within and immediately above the reef suggest that the reef was formed in a transgressive systems tract under freshwater to brackish-water conditions. Limestones above the reef are serpulid-bryozoan packstones and intraclast-ooid grainstones. These limestones yield a mixture of typical non-tropical (common serpulids and bryozoans) and typical tropical aspects (common dasycladaceans and ooids). This mosaic is explained by salinity fluctuations, which in our case dominate over temperature in determining the grain associations. Wir beschreiben ein kleines mikrobielles Riff, das in der Sierra Hunatraico (Neuquén, Argentinien) in einer transgressiven, gemischt siliziklastisch-kalkigen Abfolge gefunden wurde. Nach Strontiumisotopen-Datierung ist das Riff in das unterste Maastrichtium zu stellen. Das kleine Riff (0,8 m Mächtigkeit, 2 m Breite) besteht überwiegend aus peloidalem Bindstone, dichten Stromatolith-Zement-Krusten und Thrombolith. Mit Ausnahme von Ostrakoden konnten keine Metazoen in der Riffstruktur nachgewiesen werden, obwohl die Mehrzahl der Peloide als Kotpillen zu interpretieren sind, die vermutlich auf größere Krebse zurückgehen. Kleine Foraminiferen und mögliche Grünalgen sind die einzigen zusätzlich nachweisbaren Eukaryoten. Die Fossilien im Riff und in den überlagernden Kalken sprechen für ein Riffwachstum unter transgressiven aber hyposalinen Bedingungen. Die Kalke über dem Riff tragen ein gemischtes paläoklimatisches Signal, das sowohl typisch nicht-tropische als auch typisch tropische Komponenten beinhaltet. Dieses Mosaik ist möglicherweise durch die starken Salinitätsschwankungen erklärbar und erfordert ein Überdenken der bisherigen Modelle zur klimatischen Steuerung der Karbonatsedimentation. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600007

The role of endosymbiotic algae in photoaccumulation of green Paramecium bursaria

Planta ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
D�rte Niess ◽  
Werner Reisser ◽  
Wolfgang Wiessner
Keyword(s):  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae

The Evolutionary Relationships between Endosymbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium bursaria Syngens Originating from Different Geographical Locations

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Zagata ◽  
Magdalena Greczek-Stachura ◽  
Sebastian Tarcz ◽  
Maria Rautian
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Geographical Locations

Photosynthetic efficiency of endosymbiotic algae of Paramecium bursaria originating from locations with cold and warm climates

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Możdżeń ◽  
Patrycja Z. Leśnicka ◽  
Tomasz Burnecki ◽  
Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska ◽  
Andrzej Skoczowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Symbiotic Algae ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae

Abstract Paramecium bursaria (Ciliophora) is a cosmopolitan unicellular organism that plays a significant role in aquatic ecosystems. P. bursaria contains symbiotic algae and this association is a mutual symbiosis. The aim of the present study was to determine the activity of photosystem II (PSII) in Chlorella sp. inside P. bursaria cells. Ciliates were incubated for 7 days at different temperatures from 6 to 18°C, under the circadian cycle: 12 h light/12 h dark, at light intensity of 200 μmol m-2 s-1 and under constant darkness conditions. The control group was kept at a temperature of 18°C under constant light conditions. Changes in PSII were monitored using different fluorescence parameters. Differences in responses between endosymbiotic algae of two P. bursaria strains – Ard7 from a warm climate and KD64 from a cold climate – were determined. The highest photosynthetic activity of P. bursaria green endosymbionts was observed at a temperature of 18°C, regardless of the light conditions. Algae from warm climate were more sensitive to cold temperature stress than algae from P. bursaria collected in cold climate.

scholarly journals Climate explains recent population divergence, introgression and persistence in tropical mountains: phylogenomic evidence from Atlantic Forest warbling finches

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Raposo do Amaral ◽  
Diego F. Alvarado-Serrano ◽  
Marcos Maldonado-Coelho ◽  
Katia C. M. Pellegrino ◽  
Cristina Y. Miyaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Tropical Mountains ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Population Maintenance ◽  
Additional Support

AbstractTaxa with disjunct distributions are common in montane biotas and offer excellent opportunities to investigate historical processes underlying genetic and phenotypic divergence. In this context, subgenomic datasets offer novel opportunities to explore historical demography in detail, which is key to better understand the origins and maintenance of diversity in montane regions. Here we used a large ultraconserved elements dataset to get insights into the main biogeographic processes driving the evolution of the Montane Atlantic Forest biota. Specifically, we studied two species of warbling finches disjunctly distributed across a region of complex geological and environmental history. We found that a scenario of three genetically differentiated populations is best supported by genomic clustering methods. Also, demographic simulations support simultaneous isolation of these populations at ~10 kya, relatively stable population sizes over recent time, and recent gene flow. Our results suggest a dual role of climate: population divergence, mediated by isolation in mountain tops during warm periods, as well as population maintenance - allowing persistence mediated by shifts in elevation distribution during periods of climate change, with episodic bouts contact and gene flow. Additional support for the role of climate comes from evidence of their contact in a recent past. We propose that two major gaps, which we call São Paulo and Caparaó subtropical gaps, have been historically important in the divergence of cold adapted organisms in the Atlantic Forest, and could be associated to cryptic diversity. Finally, our results suggest that shallow divergence and past gene flow may be common in montane organisms, but complex demographic histories may be detectable only when using subgenomic or genomic datasets.

scholarly journals Endosymbiotic Green Algae in Paramecium bursaria: A New Isolation Method and a Simple Diagnostic PCR Approach for the Identification

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Spanner ◽  
Tatyana Darienko ◽  
Tracy Biehler ◽  
Bettina Sonntag ◽  
Thomas Pröschold
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Paramecium Bursaria ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
Chlorella Variabilis ◽  
The World ◽  
Axenic Cultures

Paramecium bursaria is a single-celled model organism for studying endosymbiosis among ciliates and green algae. Most strains of P. bursaria bear either Chlorella variabilis or Micractinium conductrix as endosymbionts. Both algal genera are unicellular green algae characterized by cup-shaped chloroplasts containing a single pyrenoid and reproduction by autospores. Due to their size and only few morphological characteristics, these green algae are very difficult to discriminate by microscopy only. Their cultivation is laborious and often unsuccessful, but we developed a three-step isolation method, which provided axenic cultures of endosymbionts. In addition to the time-consuming isolation, we developed a simple diagnostic PCR identification method using specific primers for C. variabilis and M. conductrix that provided reliable results. One advantage of this approach was that the algae do not have to be isolated from their host. For a comparative study, we investigated 19 strains of P. bursaria from all over the world (new isolates and available laboratory strains) belonging to the five known syngens (R1–R5). Six European ciliate strains belonging to syngens R1 and R2 bore M. conductrix as endosymbiont whereas C. variabilis was discovered in syngens R1–R5 having worldwide origins. Our results reveal the first evidence of C. variabilis as endosymbiont in P. bursaria in Europe.

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