scholarly journals Recent Topics of Pneumococcal Vaccination: Indication of Pneumococcal Vaccine for Individuals at a Risk of Pneumococcal Disease in Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2342
Author(s):  
Nobuhiro Asai ◽  
Hiroshige Mikamo
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Serotype Replacement

Pneumococcal disease is one of the most common and severe vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Despite the advances in antimicrobial treatment, pneumococcal disease still remains a global burden and exhibits a high mortality rate among people of all ages worldwide. The immunization program of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in children has decreased pneumococcal disease incidence in several countries. However, there are several problems regarding the pneumococcal vaccine, such as indications for immunocompetent persons with underlying medical conditions with a risk of pneumococcal disease, the balance of utility and cost, i.e., cost-effectiveness, vaccine coverage rate, serotype replacement, and adverse events. Especially for individuals aged 19–64 at risk of pneumococcal disease, physicians and vaccine providers should make a rational decision whether the patients should be vaccinated or not, since there is insufficient evidence supporting it. We describe this review regarding topics and problems regarding pneumococcal vaccination from the clinician’s point of view.

scholarly journals 570. “I don’t know”: The Typical Response When Taking Pneumococcal Immunization Histories in Kidney Transplant Candidates

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S349-S351
Author(s):  
Jahanavi M Ramakrishna ◽  
Tambi Jarmi ◽  
Claudia R Libertin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Order Completion ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Vaccine-preventable diseases account for significant morbidity and mortality in the kidney transplant (KT) patient population. AST Guidelines support review and documentation of pneumococcal vaccines in KT candidate infectious disease (ID) evaluations. The objective of this study is to determine the number of KT candidates screened for prior pneumococcal immunizations and the frequency of vaccines ordered by providers when indicated at Mayo Clinic Florida’s (MCF) Transplant Center. Methods This study was an institution-based retrospective analysis of all KT candidates evaluated at MCF from December 2, 2019 – January 14, 2020. Data collection was obtained by electronic health record review. Outcomes included known history and documentation rates of prior pneumococcal vaccinations (both Prevnar 13 and Pneumovax 23) by infectious disease (ID) providers, as well as pneumococcal vaccine order frequency during ID pre-transplant evaluation when indicated. Data analysis was done using simple descriptive statistics. Results Sixty-one patients underwent KT evaluation during the study period. Among the 61 patients, 20 (32.8%) and 20 (32.8%) had a known prior history of receiving Prevnar 13 and Pneumovax 23 vaccinations, respectively. Vaccine history was unknown for Prevnar 13 and Pneumovax 23 in 39 (63.9%) patients. Vaccine status was not documented by ID providers in 2 (3.3%) patients. When appropriate, ID providers ordered Prevnar 13 and Pneumovax 23 in 38 (92.7%) and 41 (100%) patients, respectively. Orders included both electronic and written documentation to account for patients planning immunization elsewhere. Of the 38 patients advised to receive the Prevnar 13 vaccine, 17 (41.5%) patients were documented completing immunization. Pneumovax 23 order completion rates were not recorded since the study period only lasted six weeks due to closure by COVID-19. Table 1. Pneumococcal Vaccine History Documentation Rates Obtained by Patient Recall or Records Table 2. Pneumococcal Vaccine Order Rates at Pre-Kidney Transplant Consultations Table 3. Prevnar 13 Order Completion Rate by Documentation Conclusion The data reflect a high number of patients who either do not recall or have documentation of prior pneumococcal vaccination available at time of KT ID evaluation. Providers documented history of pneumococcal vaccinations extremely well, ordering immunizations when necessary. This study highlights lack of portability of immunization histories in a given patient population and opportunity for improved care. Disclosures Claudia R. Libertin, MD, Pfizer, Inc. (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)

scholarly journals 2701. The Impact of Infant 13-valent Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccination Program on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children in British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S950-S950
Author(s):  
Nirma K Vadlamudi ◽  
David Patrick ◽  
Linda Hoang ◽  
Fawziah Marra
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Incremental Change ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background A significant reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) has been reported following implementation of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) infant immunization program, but not much has been reported after introduction of the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13). This study represents the effect of PCV13 on IPD in British Columbia, Canada over a 14 year period (2002–2015). Methods Using provincial IPD laboratory surveillance data, we calculated the annual incidence following implementation of PCV7 (September 2004), and PCV13 (September 2010) in children less than 17 years of age. We also compared incidence rate ratios (IRR) against pre-PCV13 (2004–2010) and pre-PCV7 (2002–2003) baselines for overall and age-specific IPD rates using Poisson regression. Results A total of 697 cases were reported over the 14 year period. The overall annual incidence decreased from 10.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2002 to 4.64 cases per 100,000 population in 2015. While overall decline of IPD was 59% (IRR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.35–0.51) compared with baseline, this reduction was greatest after introduction of PCV7 (IRR 0.44; 95% CI: 0.37–0.53); the incremental change after introduction of PCV13 was non-significant (IRR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.78–1.13). The greatest reduction in IPD was in children <2 years of age (PCV13 vs baseline: IRR 0.19; 95% CI: 0.14–0.25), followed by children 3–5 years of age (PCV13 vs baseline: IRR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.21–0.56); no significant change was observed in 6–17 year olds. Conclusion While IPD rates have been significantly reduced since the introduction of the PCV vaccines, the impact of the additional 6 serotypes in the PCV13 vaccine is non-significant. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Population-based estimates of the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination in Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Gidding ◽  
Hannah Moore ◽  
Lisa McCallum ◽  
Parveen Fathima ◽  
Thomas Snelling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Universal Program ◽  
National Immunisation

ABSTRACTObjectivesAustralia’s Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) is one of only a handful of national immunisation registers world-wide. We have, for the first time, linked the ACIR to other health datasets to measure the real-world impact of Australia’s immunisation program. In this study, we aimed to assess the population-based effectiveness of the 3-dose infant pneumococcal vaccination program (due at 2, 4, and 6 months) against invasive pneumococcal disease caused by the 7 vaccine specific serotypes. The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has been available since 2001 and a funded universal program started in 2005 (with a switch to 13-valent PCV in 2011). ApproachVaccination records from ACIR, death records, and invasive pneumococcal disease notifications for 2001-2013 were individually linked for 1.37 million children born in 2001-2012 in two Australian states (Western Australia and New South Wales). A Cox proportional hazards model (adjusting for sex, Indigenous status and year of birth) was used to estimate the hazard ratio for invasive pneumococcal disease in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated children less than 2 years old. The per cent of disease prevented by vaccination, or vaccine effectiveness, was calculated as (1-adjusted hazard ratio) x 100%. ResultsFrom 2005, vaccination coverage with dose 3 of the pneumococcal vaccine was steady at ~91% in eligible cohorts. Between 2001 and 2013, there were 468 notifications of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by the 7 vaccine specific serotypes during 2.66 million person years of observation; only 39 (8.3%) of these cases occurred after the universal program was implemented. Vaccine effectiveness against invasive pneumococcal disease caused by the 7 vaccine specific serotypes for 1, 2 and 3 doses of the pneumococcal vaccine was 68% (95%CI: 44-89%), 93% (81-97%), and 92% (95%CI: 86-93%), respectively. ConclusionThis is the first study to link Australia’s national immunisation register and measure population-based vaccine effectiveness. The study provides robust evidence of the effectiveness of at least 2 doses of pneumococcal vaccine against vaccine serotype specific infection using a 3 dose infant schedule.

Pneumococcal vaccine and serotype replacement in England: the bias of increased reporting

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Chiavenna ◽  
A Presanis ◽  
A Charlett ◽  
S Ladhani ◽  
D De Angelis
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Increased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) attributable to non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) has been reported in several countries following introduction of PCV7 and PCV13 vaccines, concurrently with a reduction in vaccine-type IPD. Such serotype replacement has, importantly, emerged in England, offsetting the benefit of PCV introduction. We scrutinise most recent findings to assess if the estimated increase in NVT disease might result from surveillance artefacts. Methods Using IPD surveillance for 2000-2018, we estimate the impact of PCV7 and PCV13 introduction on age-serotype-specific incidence rates through a synthetic control regression model, building counterfactuals by combining age-specific incidences reported for pathogens unaffected by PCVs. Results Following the introduction of PCV7 and PCV13 (pre-2006 vs post-2011), total IPD incidence declined by 57% and by 76% in children younger than 5. PCV7-IPD decreased by 93% in all age groups, whereas PCV13-IPD declined by 68% since PCV13 was introduced. Importantly, NVT-IPD increased by 43% after PCV7, with non-significant statistical increases in most age groups. Conclusions Through appropriate statistical modelling, we disentangled the impact of vaccine and improved surveillance on the changes in IPD incidence rates. By controlling for the confounding effects of improved surveillance, we are able to estimate a lower serotype replacement. Key messages Pneumococcal vaccine has been beneficial despite serotype replacement. Adequate statistical methods are needed to disentangle the two phenomena.

scholarly journals Heightened Willingness toward Pneumococcal Vaccination in the Elderly Population in Shenzhen, China: A Cross-Sectional Study during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Minyi Zhang ◽  
Hongbiao Chen ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Qiushuang Li ◽  
Qihui Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Elderly population is considered at high risk for pneumococcal diseases. The pneumococcal vaccine coverage presents extremely low among elderly people in China. However, the serious event of COVID-19 drives interest in the pneumococcal vaccine, prompting us investigating the willingness to accept the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and influencing factors among people aged over 60 years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was employed using a self-administered questionnaire in Shenzhen City of China, elaborating the willingness toward PPSV23 in the elderly persons. Binomial logistic analyses were performed to estimate the influencing factors using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Among 15,066 respondents, 91.5% presented a positive attitude toward PPSV23. Logistic analyses suggested the influencing factors included knowledge about pneumonia (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.391, 95%CI 1.214–1.593), perception of the seriousness of pneumonia (aOR 1.437, 95%CI 1.230–1.680) and preventing way for pneumonia (aOR 1.639, 95%CI 1.440–1.865), worried about getting pneumonia (aOR 2.751, 95%CI 2.444–3.096), understanding vaccine policy (aOR 1.774, 95%CI 1.514–2.079), and influenza vaccine (aOR 3.516 and 95%CI 2.261–5.468) and PPSV23 histories (aOR 3.199, 95%CI 1.492–6.860). Conclusions: The interest surge in pneumococcal vaccine coincided with the COVID-19 outbreak, foreshadowing higher demand for pneumococcal vaccine in the near future.

scholarly journals Impact of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in Italy 2007–2017: surveillance challenges and epidemiological changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Monali ◽  
E. De Vita ◽  
F. Mariottini ◽  
G. Privitera ◽  
P. L. Lopalco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Surveillance of new cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Italy was started in 2007 by the Ministry of Health (MoH). In 2012, pneumococcal childhood vaccination was introduced at the national level and, in 2017, for citizens aged 65 years and over. We describe here IPD epidemiology in Italy over the past 10 years investigating the impact of the vaccine programme on disease burden. Reports of IPD cases, data on serotype and vaccination coverage (VC) data were obtained from MoH annual reports, for the period 2007–2017. IPD notification rate and proportion by year, region, age and serotype were calculated. In 2007, 525 cases were reported (rate 0.88/100 000), rising to 1703 cases (rate 2.82/100 000) in 2017. The distribution of IPD cases by age group over time registered the largest share among individuals aged 65 years and over. A decreasing trend in notification rate was observed among those aged 0–4 years. During the same period, the 24-month VC increased, ranging from 80.9% to 96.7% in 2017. Molecular data indicated re-emergence of PPSV23-specific serotypes and non-vaccine serotypes. We observed an increase in IPD notifications during 2007–2017, likely due to an improved surveillance system, at least in some regions, with the relative quota of IPD notifications decreasing among vaccinated children cohorts. Further strengthening of IPD surveillance system, including molecular and vaccine coverage data, would be needed to assess and inform pneumococcal vaccination strategies in Italy.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogen of childhood pneumonia: an evaluation of isolated serotypes for vaccine effectiveness

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 618-622
Author(s):  
Md Zakaria Mia ◽  
Mohammad Ariful Islam
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Serotypes ◽  
Diagnostic Importance

The burden of serious pneumococcal disease is the heaviest in the developing world that focuses on its diagnostic importance. The incidence of pneumonoccoal disease in different regions of the world is not caused by some specific serotypes or serogroups of pneumonocci rather they are randomly distributed in population. A total number of 412 nasopharyngeal swab samples were cultures between January 2010 and December 2012. All the isolates were serotyped by using chessboard modification of quellung methods. A total of 102 S. pneumoniae isolates were found. The distribution among age groups shows that age groups 15 years and over 60 years are more frequent. The most common serotypes were 20 (17.6%), 33(16.7%), 6 (15.7%), 19 (14.7%) and 23 (10.8%) types. The addition of a pneumococcal vaccine (PCV) covering the prevalent serotypes in the immunization program could be useful for reducing the burden of pneumococcal diseases. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2020, 6(4): 618-622

scholarly journals Influenza and pneumococcal vaccine distribution and use in primary care and hospital settings in Scotland: coverage, practice and policies

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. KYAW ◽  
B. WAYNE ◽  
J. CHALMERS ◽  
I. G. JONES ◽  
H. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Vaccine Distribution

A survey of the coverage, distribution and the factors associated with use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines among general practitioners (GPs) in primary care and in hospital settings was carried out in 53 general practices in Scotland taking part in the ‘Continuous Morbidity Recording’ (CMR) programme. The annual vaccine distribution increased substantially among 53 general practices from 1993 to 1999 and in Scotland as a whole from 1984 to 1999. From the questionnaire, overall coverage was 43% (95% CI 38–48) for influenza vaccine in the 2000–1 season and 13% (95% CI 9–16) for pneumococcal vaccine in the last 5 year period, in high-risk patients recommended for these vaccines by the Department of Health (DoH). Influenza vaccine coverage was highest in the elderly (65 years of age and above) at 62% (95% CI 59–74). Although pneumococcal vaccination is not currently recommended for all elderly, coverage of this vaccine was also higher in this group (22%, 95% CI 16–29). In the majority of patients (influenza vaccine, 98% and pneumococcal vaccine, 94%), vaccination was carried out in general practice. Only 2% of patients had received pneumococcal vaccination in a hospital setting. The level of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination varied with the level of deprivation. Most GPs considered that the responsibility for influenza and pneumococcal vaccination lay with them. Forty-five percent of GPs reported having a written policy with set target for influenza vaccination and 11% for pneumococcal vaccination.

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