Whole-Genome Sequencing of Pathogenic Bacteria—New Insights into Antibiotic Resistance Spreading

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization repeatedly emphasizes the spread and association of nosocomial infections with microbial resistance. In a 2014 report, the World Health Organization cited microbial resistance as a global threat. In recent years, the world has seen the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in most areas, which poses a serious threat to public health. A high percentage of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections have been resistant to treatment. The most common bacterial agent among these nosocomial infections is E. coli. This bacterium is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. One of the most important goals of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) is timely identification and transmission of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (EAR) or outbreak of antibiotic resistance. One of the main ways to identify this "emerging" at the national or local level is to identify deviations from the expected resistance in drug compounds. As a result, if the observed cases of a drug-resistant pathogen are significantly higher than expected, it could indicate "emerging".Purpose: This study aimed to identify and transmit EAR or outbreak of antibiotic resistance among antibiotics used in the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by E. coli. This was done by comparing the observed cases of resistant E. coli with the predicted cases of resistant E. coli, which were predicted by the compartment model.Methods: This is a hospital-based study that used data from the nosocomial infection survelliance system to investigate observed cases of antibiotic resistance. In this study, the results of 12,954 antibiogram tests related to 57 hospitals located in 31 provinces of Iran were divided into two parts (results related to the first half of 2017 and results related to the second half of 2017). The model was developed in the second half of the year to predict expected cases. Before developeing model to predict the expected cases of resistant E. coli, the validity of the model was evaluated by implementing the model in the first half of the year. Finally, the predicted cases of resistant E. coli were compared with those observed in 2017. If the difference between the two was statistically significant, it indicated the outbreak of E.coli. This model evaluated 11 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization that are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by E. coli.Results: The results of this study showed that the outbreak of E. coli resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime occurred in 2017 in hospitals of Iran. This means that resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime antibiotics in nosocomial infections caused by E. coli is higher than expected and has become "emerging".Conclusion: This study showed how the outbreak of antibiotic resistance in the country's hospitals can be investigated. Using the method of this study, we can investigate the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the coming years and in different substrates. The results of this study showed that the administration and use of antibiotics should be reconsidered.

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Evaluation of Emerging Antimicrobials Resistance in Nosocomial Infections Caused by E. Coli: the Comparison Results of Observed Cases and Compartmental Model

10.21203/rs.3.rs-495402/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahshid Nasehi ◽

Babak Eshrati ◽

Hamid Reza Baradaran ◽

Leila Janani ◽

Sasan Ghorbani Kalkhajeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Nosocomial Infections ◽

World Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Microbial Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization repeatedly emphasizes the spread and association of nosocomial infections with microbial resistance. In a 2014 report, the World Health Organization cited microbial resistance as a global threat. In recent years, the world has seen the rapid growth of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in most areas, which poses a serious threat to public health. A high percentage of bacteria that cause nosocomial infections have been resistant to treatment. The most common bacterial agent among these nosocomial infections is E. coli. This bacterium is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections among hospitalized patients. One of the most important goals of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) is timely identification and transmission of Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance (EAR) or outbreak of antibiotic resistance. One of the main ways to identify this "emerging" at the national or local level is to identify deviations from the expected resistance in drug compounds. As a result, if the observed cases of a drug-resistant pathogen are significantly higher than expected, it could indicate "emerging".Purpose: This study aimed to identify and transmit EAR or outbreak of antibiotic resistance among antibiotics used in the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by E. coli. This was done by comparing the observed cases of resistant E. coli with the predicted cases of resistant E. coli, which were predicted by the compartment model.Methods: This is a hospital-based study that used data from the nosocomial infection survelliance system to investigate observed cases of antibiotic resistance. In this study, the results of 12,954 antibiogram tests related to 57 hospitals located in 31 provinces of Iran were divided into two parts (results related to the first half of 2017 and results related to the second half of 2017). The model was developed in the second half of the year to predict expected cases. Before developeing model to predict the expected cases of resistant E. coli, the validity of the model was evaluated by implementing the model in the first half of the year. Finally, the predicted cases of resistant E. coli were compared with those observed in 2017. If the difference between the two was statistically significant, it indicated the outbreak of E.coli. This model evaluated 11 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organization that are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by E. coli.Results: The results of this study showed that the outbreak of E. coli resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidime occurred in 2017 in hospitals of Iran. This means that resistance to ampicillin and ceftazidime antibiotics in nosocomial infections caused by E. coli is higher than expected and has become "emerging".Conclusion: This study showed how the outbreak of antibiotic resistance in the country's hospitals can be investigated. Using the method of this study, we can investigate the outbreak of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in the coming years and in different substrates. The results of this study showed that the administration and use of antibiotics should be reconsidered.

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Assessment of drinking water contamination in food stalls of Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh

Applied Water Science ◽

10.1007/s13201-021-01470-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Molla Rahman Shaibur ◽

Mohammed Sadid Hossain ◽

Shirina Khatun ◽

F. K. Sayema Tanzia

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Fast Food ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Permissible Limit ◽

World Health ◽

Drinking Water Contamination ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the quality of drinking water supplied in different types of food stalls in Jashore Municipality, Bangladesh. A total of 35 water samples were collected from different tea stalls, street side fast food stalls, normal restaurants and well-furnished restaurants. The water quality was evaluated by determining the distinct physical, chemical and biological parameters. The results revealed that the water used in the food stalls and restaurants for drinking purpose was in desired quality in terms of turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−), phosphate (PO43−), chloride (Cl−), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations. The values were within the permissible limit proposed by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the World Health Organization. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) found in several samples were higher than the World Health Organization standard. Iron (Fe) concentrations were higher than the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. Only 46% exceeded the permissible limit of Bangladesh Bureau Statistics. The threatening result was that the samples were contaminated by fecal coliform, indicating that the people of Jashore Municipality may have a greater chance of being affected by pathogenic bacteria. The drinking water provided in the street side fast food stalls was biologically contaminated. The findings demonstrate that the drinking water used in food stalls and restaurants of Jashore Municipality did not meet up the potable drinking water quality standards and therefore was detrimental to public health.

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The World Health Organization Global Action Plan for antimicrobial resistance

South African Medical Journal ◽

10.7196/samj.9644 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 105 (5) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Marc Mendelson ◽

Malebona Precious Matsoso

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Action Plan ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

Global Action ◽

Health Organization ◽

Global Action Plan

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Resistance to change: how much longer will our antibiotics work?

Faculty Dental Journal ◽

10.1308/rcsfdj.2018.104 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 103-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amy Patrick ◽

Thayalan Kandiah

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Resistance To Change ◽

World Health ◽

Major Surgery ◽

Major Threat ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization ◽

Common Infections

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of bacteria to change, rendering antimicrobials (such as antibiotics, antivirals and antimalarials) ineffective in treating common infections, or as prophylaxis after major surgery or cancer treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that these ‘superbugs’ will become a major threat to public health. 1

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Recent World Health Organization initiatives for antimicrobial resistance control

Microbiology Australia ◽

10.1071/ma07154 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 154

Author(s):

John Tapsall

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Global Strategy ◽

World Health ◽

Member States ◽

Security Issues ◽

Country Level ◽

The World ◽

The Usa ◽

Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) overseeing of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) containment issues in the last decade has varied in intensity. From 1999 onwards, concerted focus from the WHO led to the development of a multi-disciplinary framework for AMR containment at a country level. However, implementation of the WHO Global Strategy for the Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance (the Global Strategy) was overtaken first by events in the USA in 2001 and later by related and other bio-security issues. By 2003, loss of funding and a restructured WHO saw AMR initiatives curtailed. Interest in AMR at the WHO has been recently rekindled and it is hoped that renewed attention will again be focused on this issue by the WHO and its member states.

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