scholarly journals Cement Render and Mortar and Their Damages Due to Salt Crystallization in the Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans Monastery in Cracow, Poland

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Marszałek ◽  
Krzysztof Dudek ◽  
Adam Gaweł

The investigations focused on the façade of the 17th-century Myszkowskis chapel at the 13th-century Church of the Holy Trinity in Cracow, Poland. Most of the chapel’s façade is made of rusticated limestone blocks, but its lower part is covered with cement render, and the basement consists of irregular pieces of limestone and sandstone, bound and partly replaced with cement mortar. The façade exhibited clearly visible damages: gray soiling of the surface, cracks, scaling, and efflorescence. The study presents characteristics of the cement render and mortar used for stone repair and/or substitution, as well as efflorescence from the lower part of the Myszkowskis chapel façade. The materials were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman microspectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The analyses demonstrated that the render covering some of the decayed limestone blocks was prepared using Portland cement (residual clinker grains represent alite and belite) as a binding agent, mixed with crushed stone as an aggregate. The cement mortar consisted of rounded quartz grains, rock fragments, and feldspars in very fine-grained masses of calcite and gypsum, also containing relics of cement clinker (alite, belite, ferrite, and aluminate). All these components point out the use of the ordinary Portland cement. Analyses of the efflorescence allowed us to distinguish several secondary salts, among others, thenardite, aphthitalite, and darapskite. The appearance of these phases is related to the composition and physicochemical properties of the building materials, atmospheric alteration agents, air pollution, and some other anthropogenic factors.

2019 ◽  
Vol 298 ◽  
pp. 00133 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Pyataev ◽  
A. Y. Ushakov

The article analyzes the property requirements of small-piece products used in road construction, specially those related to water and frost resistance. It describes the main features of the vibration technologies involved in the manufacture of building materials, in particular, paving slabs. The article presents conclusive results, obtained through scientific research, which allow us to establish the influence of both, the costs of the main components and the parameters of vibration compression, on the properties of the final product. Combining the analysis of classical methods with the results of experimental research, a methodology has been developed for reaching an optimal composition of fine-grained vibropressed concrete modified with active additives. It is shown that the particular strength achieved from the combination of vibroformed fine-grained concrete, whose average density is 2270–2320 kg/m3, with polymer multifunctional modifiers, is mainly due to the use of Portland cement, a modifying additive, and the pressure conditions employed during the experiment..


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Marszałek ◽  
Krzysztof Dudek ◽  
Adam Gaweł ◽  
Jerzy Czerny

<p>The presented investigations are focused on a part of the 13<sup>th</sup> century Church of the Holy Trinity Dominicans monastery in Cracow, Poland, and include the wall façade of the 17<sup>th </sup>century Myszkowski chapel. The chapel was probably designed by Santi Gucci Fiorentino and built by his workshop. Southern façade of the chapel is made of Tertiary limestone blocks that make characteristic rusticated wall. Lower part of the façade is covered with cement and the basement is made of irregular fragments of Jurassic limestone and Cretaceous sandstone partly replaced and bound with cement mortar. The façade revealed clear signs of damage ranging from dark gray soiling of the surface, scaling to efflorescences. The last ones – mainly on the border of limestone blocks and the cement in the part of the basement.</p><p>Laboratory tests included mineralogical, chemical and petrophysical analyses. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used for analysing materials and deterioration products of the cement render and mortar. The petrophysical properties of the materials have been performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The secondary minerals detected include mainly gypsum CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O, thenardite Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, <sub> </sub>aphthitalite (Na,K)<sub>3</sub>Na(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, darapskite, Na<sub>3</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)(NO<sub>3</sub>)·H<sub>2</sub>O, nitre KNO<sub>3</sub>, nitratine NaNO<sub>3</sub>, ettringite Ca<sub>6</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>12</sub>·26H<sub>2</sub>O and monosulphite Ca<sub>4</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>·11H<sub>2</sub>O. Lower blocks of the façade covered with cement contain chiefly gypsum, ettringite and monosulphite, cement from the basement – gypsum and nitre; while efflorescences – thenardite, aphthitalite, darapskite, nitre and nitratine. The origin of the salts have been discussed and the differences in their type have been associated with composition of the materials and their physicochemical properties.</p><p>This work has been financially supported by the AGH University of Science and Technology, statutory grant no. 16.16.140.315.</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Bačuvčík ◽  
Pavel Martauz ◽  
Ivan Janotka

This work is aimed to investigate four-years impact of 5 % sodium sulphate solution on the mortar made of novel hybrid cement H-CEMENT, being prepared with maximal content of wastes and by-products and only 20 % wt. of Portland cement clinker, compared to that prepared with the reference CEM I 42.5 N (PC). H-CEMENT for its specific material composition does not meet the criteria for inclusion in the cement kinds reported in EN 197-1 but complies with all of the hygienic regulations and standards imposed on similar building materials.


Author(s):  
Janina Setina ◽  
Inna Juhnevica ◽  
Janis Baronins

The production of heat and electricity from shale and biomass is leading to a significant increase in the amount of the combustion residues i.e. ashes. The utilization of ashes as the pozzolanic additive in the production of Portland cement mortar and concrete for the construction of lightweight structures is the most popular way. The interaction of ashes with other typical concrete fillers also can affect the final relative short-term and long-term properties of fresh and hardened concrete when designing the concrete mixture. The influence of wood and shale ashes on the properties of cement mortar and typical concrete fillers (sand, limestone, dolomite) – fresh mortar, hydration process, and hardened mortar were researched and assessed for their applicability in the production of concrete. The best results of mechanical strength, frost resistance and water absorption were measured in case of shale ashes containing samples in combination with cement and selected concrete additive – sand. Shale ashes can be recommended for application as the active additive. Since wood ash was exhibiting lower activity, it can also be applied as a filler to produce building materials.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Wahyudi

The use of sand beach as building material is very rarely used because considering the possibledamage toward the other building materials that caused by salt content in it. This research is aimedto provide an overview comparison of mortar with sand beach and Brantas River, and also the useof cement type Ordinary Portland Cement (PC) and Portland Pozzoland Cement (PPC).The result of this research showed that the average weight of sand beach is 1.7739 ton/m3,the average of dry density: 2.55, the avarege of SSD density: 2.63, the average of appearancedensity: 2.83, the average of absorption: 2.16%. The value of sand silt in Sendang Biru beach is1.452%, while for Brantas River is 1.424%. The best compressive strength of mortar was showedby the mixing of 20% of pp Sendang Biru and 80% of ps Brantas River, that is 318,479 kg/cm2, orabout 28.5% bigger than mortar control (1pc cement: 3ps Brantas) that is 247,706 kg/cm2.Furthermore, the compressive strength of pc mortar cement substituted by sand beach is decreaseto 68%, 25%, and 22%, while for the mixing of pp Sendang Biru compared with ps Brantas60%:40%, 80%:20%, and 100%:0%. The average compressive strength of pc cement mortar ishigher than the average compressive strength of ppc cement mortar in 28 days. The compressivestrength of mortar 1pc: 3 sand in the mix of 100% ps Brantas pc cement is 373.2 kg/cm2. Furthermore,the compressive strength of mortar subtitued with sand beach 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%each is decreased to be 97.4%, 74.5%, 58.2%, 31.5%, and 22.8% from value control.Keyword: characteristic, compressive strength, mortar, sand beach, Portland cement, pozzolancement.


2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zvezdana Bascarevic ◽  
Miroslav Komljenovic ◽  
Ljiljana Petrasinovic-Stojkanovic ◽  
Natasa Jovanovic ◽  
Aleksandra Rosic ◽  
...  

In this paper the results of the investigated properties of fly ash from four thermal power plants in Serbia are presented. The physical, chemical, mineralogical and thermal characterization of fly ash was carried out, in order to determine the possibility to utilize this material in the building materials industry, foremost in the cement industry. It was determined that, although there are differences concerning the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of the investigated samples, they are very similar concerning their thermal characteristics. It was concluded that using fly ash as one of the raw components in the mixture for Portland cement clinker synthesis, not only enables the substitution of natural resources, but it might have a positive effect on the lowering of the sintering temperature.


2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1010
Author(s):  
A.D. Muhammad ◽  
Y.D. Amartey ◽  
J.M. Kaura ◽  
T.S. Ijimdiya ◽  
A. Lawan

The objective of this study was to investigate the suitability of Nigerian, sourced Gypsum for the manufacture of Portland cement. Gypsum samples were obtained from eighteen deposits across Nigeria. These were classified into five purity groups based on their calcium sulphate content.Foreign Gypsum, imported from Morocco, was used as control. Six cement samples where produced for each of the five Gypsum purity groups by grounding and blending cement clinker with 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7% Gypsum content. The group 1 cement mix (having not more than 65% calcium sulphate content) has displayed flash set and could not be moulded and therefore not used for further analysis. Cement mortar prisms were produced for the groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 cement mixes, and subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests at 7, 14, 21 and 28 day curing periods. The cement mortar prisms were also subjected microstructure analysis at 7 and 28 days curing period. The spongy, gel and whitish colouration observed from the  microstructure of the specimens indicated silicates enriched regions which have proven the strength increase from 7 to 28 day curing period. The optimum gypsum content of 5.5% was recommended. The results show that all but the class one gypsum with less than 65% purity content are suitable for cement manufacture. Keywords: Gypsum, clinker, mortar, microstructure, compressive strength, flexural strength


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