scholarly journals Role of O-Acetylation in the Immunogenicity of Bacterial Polysaccharide Vaccines

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Berti ◽  
Riccardo De Ricco ◽  
Rino Rappuoli
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Polysaccharide

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF VASOCONSTRICTION IN THE LOCAL SHWARTZMAN REACTION

1957 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Rall ◽  
Margaret G. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Abdominal Skin ◽  
Shwartzman Reaction ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking ◽  
Local Shwartzman Reaction

The local Shwartzman reaction was provoked in the skin of the ear, hind leg, and costovertebral angle of the rabbit, as well as in the ventral abdominal skin. Certain adrenergic blocking drugs reduced the incidence of positive reactions when given prior to the provocative dose of bacterial polysaccharide. Epinephrine and other vasoconstrictor drugs administered intradermally into the prepared skin site produced typical hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions when the usual intravenous injection of polysaccharide was omitted. This reaction could be blocked by adrenergic blocking drugs, but appeared to be augmented by heparin or nitrogen mustard. A hypothesis has been developed to help explain the mechanism of the local Shwartzman reaction. Following the preparatory dose, tissue metabolic changes occur which lead to increased lactic acid production and render the area particularly susceptible to anoxia. Following the provocative dose, adrenergic vasoconstriction occurs. It is suggested that this vasoconstriction may be intensified at the prepared site by small residual amounts of the preparatory dose of polysaccharide which might potentiate the action of the epinephrine. The anoxia initiated by the vasoconstriction is prolonged and intensified by the formation of intravascular thrombi around clumps of leucocytes and platelets. This anoxia, superimposed on the local metabolic changes, leads to the characteristic lesion of hemorrhage and necrosis. Thus a combination of factors, all of causal importance and largely due to known pharmacologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, occur in specific sequence to lead to the classic local Shwartzman reaction.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CELLULOSE BY MICRO-ORGANISMS

1947 ◽  
Vol 25c (6) ◽  
pp. 246-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Perlin ◽  
M. Michaelis ◽  
W. D. McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Bacterial Polysaccharide ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Retarded Growth ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Glucose Formation

The metabolism of an impure culture of an aerobic cellulose decomposing bacterium, Vibrio perimastix, was studied. The products of cellulose decomposition included carbon dioxide, a pigment resembling riboflavin, a bacterial polysaccharide, and traces of acid. Carbon dioxide was found to be essential for the decomposition of cellulose and could not be replaced by calcium carbonate. Increasing the carbon dioxide content of the air above 1.2% retarded growth on a glucose medium.Respiration studies were carried out using cellulose, glucose, and cellobiose as substrates, and the possible role of the latter two as intermediates in cellulose decomposition was investigated. Glucose was produced from cellulose when toluene was added to cultures during active decomposition; evidence is presented that a dialyzable factor produced by the bacteria is essential for glucose formation. Phosphorylation inhibitors prevented growth of the bacteria on cellulose, glucose, and cellobiose, inhibited respiration of active cellulose cultures, and retarded the production of glucose by toluene-treated cultures. Cellulose treated with alkali to increase the proportion of amorphous to crystalline cellulose was more rapidly decomposed than untreated cellulose.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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