Bolus Ingestion of Whey Protein Immediately Post-Exercise Does Not Influence Rehydration Compared to Energy-Matched Carbohydrate Ingestion

Research has suggested that nutrient, exercise, and metabolism-related proteins interact to regulate mammalian target of rapamycin complex one (mTOR) post-exercise and their interactions needs clarification. In a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measures design, ten participants completed four sets to failure at 70% of 1-repitition maximum (1-RM) with 45 s rest on angled leg press with or without pre-exercise maltodextrin (2 g/kg) after a 3 h fast. Vastus lateralis biopsies were collected at baseline before supplementation and 1 h post-exercise to analyze Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (p70S6K), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. FAK and IRS-1 activity were only elevated 1 h post-exercise with carbohydrate ingestion (p < 0.05). PI3K and p70S6K activation were both elevated after exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05). However, AMPK activity did not change from baseline in both conditions (p > 0.05). We conclude that FAK does not induce mTOR activation through PI3K crosstalk in response to exercise alone. In addition, FAK may not be regulated by AMPK catalytic activity, but this needs further research. Interestingly, carbohydrate-induced insulin signaling appears to activate FAK at the level of IRS-1 but did not enhance mTOR activity 1 h post-exercise greater than the placebo condition. Future research should investigate these interactions under different conditions and within different time frames to clearly understand the interactions between these signaling molecules.

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Post-exercise Protein And Carbohydrate Ingestion Enhances Exercise-induced Increase In Plasma Volume And Albumin Content

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000401355.42343.87 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 491

Author(s):

Kazunobu Okazaki ◽

Ryosuke Takeda ◽

Akina Suzuki ◽

Daiki Imai ◽

Takashi Kawabata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Volume ◽

Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Albumin Content ◽

Exercise Induced

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The addition of whey protein to a carbohydrate–electrolyte drink does not influence post-exercise rehydration

Journal of Sports Sciences ◽

10.1080/02640414.2014.925570 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 77-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ruth Hobson ◽

Lewis James

Keyword(s):

Whey Protein ◽

Post Exercise

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Post-exercise whey protein hydrolysate supplementation induces a greater increase in muscle protein synthesis than its constituent amino acid content

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114512006174 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (6) ◽

pp. 981-987 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Atsushi Kanda ◽

Kyosuke Nakayama ◽

Tomoyuki Fukasawa ◽

Jinichiro Koga ◽

Minoru Kanegae ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Muscle Protein ◽

Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽

Acid Mixture ◽

Post Exercise ◽

The Impact ◽

Mtor Signalling

It is well known that ingestion of a protein source is effective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis after exercise. In addition, there are numerous reports on the impact of leucine and leucine-rich whey protein on muscle protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. However, there is only limited information on the effects of whey protein hydrolysates (WPH) on muscle protein synthesis and mTOR signalling. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of WPH and amino acids on muscle protein synthesis and the initiation of translation in skeletal muscle during the post-exercise phase. Male Sprague–Dawley rats swam for 2 h to depress muscle protein synthesis. Immediately after exercise, the animals were administered either carbohydrate (CHO), CHO plus an amino acid mixture (AA) or CHO plus WPH. At 1 h after exercise, the supplements containing whey-based protein (AA and WPH) caused a significant increase in the fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR) compared with CHO. WPH also caused a significant increase in FSR compared with AA. Post-exercise ingestion of WPH caused a significant increase in the phosphorylation of mTOR levels compared with AA or CHO. In addition, WPH caused greater phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 than AA and CHO. In contrast, there was no difference in plasma amino acid levels following supplementation with either AA or WPH. These results indicate that WPH may include active components that are superior to amino acids for stimulating muscle protein synthesis and initiating translation.

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Carbohydrate Intake Does Not Counter the Post-Exercise Decrease in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity

10.20944/preprints201810.0346.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Laurel M. Wentz ◽

David C. Nieman ◽

Jennifer E. McBride ◽

Nicholas D. Gillitt ◽

Leonard L. Williams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nk Cell ◽

Killer Cell ◽

Total Blood ◽

Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽

Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Cytotoxicity Activity ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Blood Leukocyte ◽

Nk Cytotoxicity

Using a randomized, crossover approach, cyclists (N = 20, overnight fasted) engaged in three 75-km time trials while ingesting water (WAT) or carbohydrate (0.2 g/kg every 15 minutes) from bananas (BAN) or a 6% sugar beverage (SUG). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 h-, 1.5 h-, and 21 h-post-exercise, and analyzed for NK cytotoxicity activity (NKCA) using pure NK cell populations. The two carbohydrate trials (BAN, SUG) compared to WAT were associated with higher post-exercise glucose, and lower cortisol, total blood leukocyte, neutrophil, and NK cell counts (interaction effects, P < 0.001). The immediate post-exercise increase in NK cell counts was higher in WAT (78%) compared to BAN (32%) and SUG (15%) trials (P ≤ 0.017). The 1.5 h post-exercise decrease in NK cell counts did not differ after WAT (−46%), BAN (−46%), and SUG (−51%) trials. The pattern of change in post-exercise NKCA differed between trials (P < 0.001). The 1.5 h post-exercise decreases in NKCA were 23%, 29%, and 33% in the WAT, BAN, and SUG trials, respectively, but trial contrasts did not differ significantly. Carbohydrate ingestion from BAN or SUG attenuated immediate-post-exercise increases in leukocyte, neutrophil, and NK cell counts, but did not counter the 1.5-h decreases in NK cell counts and NKCA.

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