scholarly journals Diet-Induced Hypothalamic Inflammation, Phoenixin, and Subsequent Precocious Puberty

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 3460
Author(s):  
Georgios Valsamakis ◽  
Angeliki Arapaki ◽  
Dimitris Balafoutas ◽  
Evangelia Charmandari ◽  
Nikolaos F. Vlahos
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Gnrh Neurons ◽  
Hypothalamic Inflammation

Recent studies have shown a rise in precocious puberty, especially in girls. At the same time, childhood obesity due to overnutrition and energy imbalance is rising too. Nutrition and fertility are currently facing major challenges in our societies, and are interconnected. Studies have shown that high-fat and/or high-glycaemic-index diet can cause hypothalamic inflammation and microglial activation. Molecular and animal studies reveal that microglial activation seems to produce and activate prostaglandins, neurotrophic factors activating GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons), thus initiating precocious puberty. GnRH neurons’ mechanisms of excitability are not well understood. In this review, we study the phenomenon of the rise of precocious puberty, we examine the physiology of GnRH neurons, and we review the recent literature regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms that connect diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation and diet-induced phoenixin regulation with precocious puberty.

Short-term effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue treatment on leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY in girls with central precocious puberty

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-484
Author(s):  
Piyathida Wijarn ◽  
Preamrudee Poomthavorn ◽  
Patcharin Khlairit ◽  
Sarunyu Pongratanakul ◽  
Laor Chailurkit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Central Precocious Puberty ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormone Analogue ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogue ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Objectives To determine appetite-regulating hormone levels in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP) before and after 20 weeks of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) treatment. Methods Eighteen newly diagnosed CPP girls were enrolled. Body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis and GnRH-A test were performed with fasting serum leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) measurements at baseline (before) and after 20 weeks of GnRH-A treatment. Results Following GnRH-A treatment, all patients had prepubertal gonadotropin and estradiol levels. Mean (SD) fat mass index (FMI) was significantly increased from 4.5 (1.7) to 5.0 (1.8) kg/m2 after treatment. Also, median (IQR) serum leptin level was significantly increased from 6.9 (4.2–8.6) to 7.4 (5.3–13.1) ng/mL. FMI had a positive correlation with serum leptin level (r=0.64, p=0.004). In contrast, no significant changes of serum ghrelin and PYY levels were observed. Conclusions Decreased estrogen following short-term GnRH-A treatment in CPP girls may cause an increase in appetite and consequently an elevation of FMI. Increased serum leptin may be a result of having increased FMI secondary to an increase in appetite.

Assessment of gonadotropin concentrations stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) in girls with precocious puberty and premature thelarche

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Botelho Fernandes de Souza ◽  
Melyna Shayanne Pessôa Veiga ◽  
Gabriela Ráina Ferreira Martins ◽  
Adriana Paula da Silva ◽  
Lívia Grimaldi Abud Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Central Precocious Puberty ◽  
Bone Age ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Premature Thelarche ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Cutoff Values ◽  
Hormone Analog ◽  
Hormone Analogs

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the cutoff values of gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHas) corresponding to the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis that could differentiate central precocious puberty (CPP) from premature thelarche (PT) and using the electrochemiluminescence assay method. Methods: A total of 49 girls underwent the stimulation test with the intramuscular injection of 3.75 mg leuprolide acetate. Based on the clinical and laboratory characteristics, they were divided into two groups: CPP (n = 22) and PT (n = 27). Baseline estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were collected before GnRHa administration, and LH and FSH at 60 and 120 min, respectively, after GnRHa administration. Results: The girls with CPP presented an increased height Z-score, advanced bone age, and higher baseline LH, FSH, estradiol, and LH/FSH ratio in relation to PT (p < 0.001). Stimulated LH differed significantly between the two groups, and the LH cutoff values were ≥4.29 IU/L (p < 0.001) and ≥3.95 IU/L at 60 and 120 min, respectively (p < 0.001). LH peak was found at 60 min after stimulation. Conclusions: The GnRHa test is effective in distinguishing CPP from PT, and a single sampling, at 60 min, with LH concentrations above 4.29 may be the parameter of choice with the advantage of greater convenience and practicality.

scholarly journals Tissue engineering of urethra: Systematic review of recent literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 242 (18) ◽  
pp. 1772-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislav Žiaran ◽  
Martina Galambošová ◽  
L'uboš Danišovič
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Urethral Reconstruction

The purpose of this article was to perform a systematic review of the recent literature on urethral tissue engineering. A total of 31 articles describing the use of tissue engineering for urethra reconstruction were included. The obtained results were discussed in three groups: cells, scaffolds, and clinical results of urethral reconstructions using these components. Stem cells of different origin were used in many experimental studies, but only autologous urothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes were applied in clinical trials. Natural and synthetic scaffolds were studied in the context of urethral tissue engineering. The main advantage of synthetic ones is the fact that they can be obtained in unlimited amount and modified by different techniques, but scaffolds of natural origin normally contain chemical groups and bioactive proteins which increase the cell attachment and may promote the cell proliferation and differentiation. The most promising are smart scaffolds delivering different bioactive molecules or those that can be tubularized. In two clinical trials, only onlay-fashioned transplants were used for urethral reconstruction. However, the very promising results were obtained from animal studies where tubularized scaffolds, both non-seeded and cell-seeded, were applied. Impact statement The main goal of this article was to perform a systematic review of the recent literature on urethral tissue engineering. It summarizes the most recent information about cells, seeded or non-seeded scaffolds and clinical application with respect to regeneration of urethra.

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