Pre-Sleep Protein Ingestion to Improve the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise Training

The adaptive response of maximal aerobic power (VO2max) to endurance exercise training was compared in 53 men and 57 women, aged 60–71 yr. The subjects were healthy and had been sedentary for at least 2 yr. Pretraining VO2max was measured during graded treadmill walking on two occasions. These values were reproducible (24.4 +/- 4.7 vs. 24.4 +/- 4.6 (SD) ml.min-l.kg-1; r = 0.96). Subjects trained primarily by walking and running for 9–12 mo, averaging 3.9 +/- 0.6 days/wk and 45 +/- 5 min/day at 80 +/- 5% of maximal heart rate (HRmax). Average improvement in VO2max (ml.min-1.kg-1) was 24 +/- 12% (range 0–58%). Relative improvement was not significantly different in men and women (26 +/- 12 vs. 23 +/- 12%, ml.min-1.kg-1; 21 +/- 10 vs 19 +/- 10%, l/min). When subjects were divided into three groups by age (60–62, 63–66, 67–71 yr), there were no significant differences among the groups in the relative increase in VO2max (21% vs. 19% vs. 18%, 1/min). Correlation analysis also yielded a nonsignificant relationship between improvement and age (r = -0.13). To examine the effect of initial fitness level on the adaptive response to exercise, pretraining VO2max was correlated with the absolute improvement in VO2max. This relationship was not significant in either men (r = 0.04) or women (r = -0.23). In conclusion, in healthy people aged 60–71 yr, VO2max adapts to endurance exercise training to the same relative extent as in young people, and this adaptation is independent of gender, age, and initial level of fitness.

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Statement to the Letter to the Editor: MicroRNA Profile and Adaptive Response to Exercise Training: A Review

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0986-9898 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 680-680

Author(s):

Mary-Jessica Nancy Laguette ◽

Alison Victoria September ◽

Pawel Cięszczyk ◽

Daria Domańska-Senderowska ◽

Anna Jegier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Adaptive Response ◽

Letter To The Editor ◽

Microrna Profile ◽

Response To Exercise

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Letter to The Editor: MicroRNA Profile and Adaptive Response to Exercise Training: A Review

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-0986-9767 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 678-679

Author(s):

Rodolfo Velasque ◽

Caleb G.M. dos Santos ◽

Raphael Xavier ◽

Dailson Paulucio ◽

Renato Alvarenga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Adaptive Response ◽

Letter To The Editor ◽

Microrna Profile ◽

Response To Exercise

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Angiogenic growth factor expression in rat skeletal muscle in response to exercise training

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.00743.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (5) ◽

pp. H1668-H1678 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Pamela G. Lloyd ◽

Barry M. Prior ◽

Hsiao T. Yang ◽

Ronald L. Terjung

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Sedentary Control ◽

Artery Ligation ◽

Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽

Cellular Events ◽

Angiopoietin 2 ◽

Response To Exercise ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Angiogenesis occurs in skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. To gain insight into the regulation of this process, we evaluated the mRNA expression of factors implicated in angiogenesis over the course of a training program. We studied sedentary control ( n = 17) rats and both sedentary ( n = 18) and exercise-trained ( n = 48) rats with bilateral femoral artery ligation. Training consisted of treadmill exercise (4 times/day, 1–24 days). Basal mRNA expression in sedentary control muscle was inversely related to muscle vascularity. Angiogenesis was histologically evident in trained white gastrocnemius muscle by day 12. Training produced initial three- to sixfold increases in VEGF, VEGF receptors (KDR and Flt), the angiopoietin receptor (Tie-2), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA, which dissipated before the increase in capillarity, and a substantial (30- to 50-fold) but transient upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mRNA. These results emphasize the importance of early events in regulating angiogenesis. However, we observed a sustained elevation of the angiopoietin 2-to-angiopoietin 1 ratio, suggesting continued vascular destabilization. The response to exercise was (in general) tempered in high-oxidative muscles. These findings place importance on cellular events coupled to the onset of angiogenesis.

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Impaired training-induced angiogenesis process with loss of pericyte-endothelium interactions is associated with an abnormal capillary remodelling in the skeletal muscle of COPD patients

Respiratory Research ◽

10.1186/s12931-019-1240-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Léo Blervaque ◽

Emilie Passerieux ◽

Pascal Pomiès ◽

Matthias Catteau ◽

Nelly Héraud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Exercise Intolerance ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Link Type ◽

Copd Patients ◽

Response To Exercise

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with exercise intolerance and limits the functional gains in response to exercise training in patients compared to sedentary healthy subjects (SHS). The blunted skeletal muscle angiogenesis previously observed in COPD patients has been linked to these limited functional improvements, but its underlying mechanisms, as well as the potential role of oxidative stress, remain poorly understood. Therefore, we compared ultrastructural indexes of angiogenic process and capillary remodelling by transmission electron microscopy in 9 COPD patients and 7 SHS after 6 weeks of individualized moderate-intensity endurance training. We also assessed oxidative stress by plasma-free and esterified isoprostane (F2-IsoP) levels in both groups. We observed a capillary basement membrane thickening in COPD patients only (p = 0.008) and abnormal variations of endothelial nucleus density in response to exercise training in these patients when compared to SHS (p = 0.042). COPD patients had significantly fewer occurrences of pericyte/endothelium interdigitations, a morphologic marker of capillary maturation, than SHS (p = 0.014), and significantly higher levels of F2-IsoP (p = 0.048). Last, the changes in pericyte/endothelium interdigitations and F2-IsoP levels in response to exercise training were negatively correlated (r = − 0.62, p = 0.025). This study is the first to show abnormal capillary remodelling and to reveal impairments during the whole process of angiogenesis (capillary creation and maturation) in COPD patients. Trial registration NCT01183039 & NCT01183052, both registered 7 August 2010 (retrospectively registered).

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AMPK and PPARβ positive feedback loop regulates endurance exercise training-mediated GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscle

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00460.2018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 316 (5) ◽

pp. E931-E939 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jin-Ho Koh ◽

Chad R. Hancock ◽

Dong-Ho Han ◽

John O. Holloszy ◽

K. Sreekumaran Nair ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Glucose Uptake ◽

Glucose Transporter ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Glut4 Expression ◽

Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽

Response To Exercise ◽

Glucose Transporter Type 4

The objective of this study is to determine whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β (PPARβ) can independently mediate the increase of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression that occurs in response to exercise training. We found that PPARβ can regulate GLUT4 expression without PGC-1α. We also found AMPK and PPARβ are important for maintaining normal physiological levels of GLUT4 protein in the sedentary condition as well following exercise training. However, AMPK and PPARβ are not essential for the increase in GLUT4 protein expression that occurs in response to exercise training. We discovered that AMPK activation increases PPARβ via myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A), which acted as a transcription factor for PPARβ. Furthermore, exercise training increases the cooperation of AMPK and PPARβ to regulate glucose uptake. In conclusion, cooperation between AMPK and PPARβ via NRF-1/MEF2A pathway enhances the exercise training mediated adaptive increase in GLUT4 expression and subsequent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.

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Fish Oil for Healthy Aging: Potential Application to Master Athletes

Sports Medicine ◽

10.1007/s40279-021-01509-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Caoileann H. Murphy ◽

Chris McGlory

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Master Athletes ◽

Pufa Supplementation ◽

Pufa Intake ◽

Clinical Literature ◽

Oily Fish ◽

Response To Exercise

AbstractMaster athletes perform high volumes of exercise training yet display lower levels of physical functioning and exercise performance when compared with younger athletes. Several reports in the clinical literature show that long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC n-3 PUFA) ingestion promotes skeletal muscle anabolism and strength in untrained older persons. There is also evidence that LC n-3 PUFA ingestion improves indices of muscle recovery following damaging exercise in younger persons. These findings suggest that LC n-3 PUFA intake could have an ergogenic effect in master athletes. However, the beneficial effect of LC n-3 PUFA intake on skeletal muscle in response to exercise training in both older and younger persons is inconsistent and, in some cases, generated from low-quality studies or those with a high risk of bias. Other factors such as the choice of placebo and health status of participants also confound interpretation of existing reports. As such, when considered on balance, the available evidence does not indicate that ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs above current population recommendations (250–500 mg/day; 2 portions of oily fish per week) enhances exercise performance or recovery from exercise training in master athletes. Further work is now needed related to how the dose, duration, and co-ingestion of LC n-3 PUFAs with other nutrients such as amino acids impact the adaptive response to exercise training. This work should also consider how LC n-3 PUFA supplementation may differentially alter the lipid profile of cellular membranes of key regulatory sites such as the sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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