scholarly journals Characterisation of a G2P[4] Rotavirus Outbreak in Western Australia, Predominantly Impacting Aboriginal Children

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Celeste Donato ◽  
Nevada Pingault ◽  
Elena Demosthenous ◽  
Susie Roczo-Farkas ◽  
Julie Bines
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Full Genome Sequencing ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Aboriginal Children ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Dominant Genotype

In May 2017, an outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis was reported that predominantly impacted Aboriginal children ≤4 years of age in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. G2P[4] was identified as the dominant genotype circulating during this period and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the majority of samples exhibited a conserved electropherotype. Full genome sequencing was performed on representative samples that exhibited the archetypal DS-1-like genome constellation: G2-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2 and phylogenetic analysis revealed all genes of the outbreak samples were closely related to contemporary Japanese G2P[4] samples. The outbreak samples consistently fell within conserved sub-clades comprised of Hungarian and Australian G2P[4] samples from 2010. The 2017 outbreak variant was not closely related to G2P[4] variants associated with prior outbreaks in Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory. When compared to the G2 component of the RotaTeq vaccine, the outbreak variant exhibited mutations in known antigenic regions; however, these mutations are frequently observed in contemporary G2P[4] strains. Despite the level of vaccine coverage achieved in Australia, outbreaks continue to occur in vaccinated populations, which pose challenges to regional areas and remote communities. Continued surveillance and characterisation of emerging variants are imperative to ensure the ongoing success of the rotavirus vaccination program in Australia.

scholarly journals Prevalence of chronic wet cough and protracted bacterial bronchitis in Aboriginal children

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 00248-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Laird ◽  
James Totterdell ◽  
Roz Walker ◽  
Anne B. Chang ◽  
André Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
European Respiratory Society ◽  
Disease Spectrum ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis ◽  
Wet Cough ◽  
Aboriginal Children ◽  
North Western

BackgroundChronic wet cough, the most common symptom of a disease spectrum that encompasses protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) and bronchiectasis, is common among Aboriginal children. In the absence of any community prevalence data, and with the high burden of respiratory disease and the European Respiratory Society task force's recommendation to identify disease burden, we determined the prevalence of chronic wet cough and PBB in young Aboriginal children in four remote communities in north Western Australia.MethodsA whole-population, prospective study was conducted. Aboriginal children aged ≤7 years were clinically assessed for chronic wet cough by paediatric respiratory clinicians between July 2018 and May 2019. Where children had a wet cough but parents reported a short or uncertain cough duration, children were followed up 1 month later. A medical record audit 6 weeks to 3 months later was used to determine those children with chronic wet cough who had PBB (based on response to antibiotics).ResultsOf the 203 children, 191 (94%; median age 3.5 years, range 0–7 years) were enrolled. At the initial visit, chronic wet cough was present in 21 (11%), absent in 143 (75%) and unknown in 27 (14%). By follow-up, the total prevalence of chronic wet cough was 13% (95% CI 8–19%) and 10% (95% CI 7–17%) for PBB. Chronic wet cough was more common in the two communities with unsealed roads (19%) compared to the two with sealed roads (7%).ConclusionGiven the relatively high prevalence, strategies to address reasons for and treatment of chronic wet cough and PBB in young Aboriginal children in remote north Western Australia are required.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and microbiology of diarrhoea in young Aboriginal children in the Kimberley region of Western Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gunzburg ◽  
M. Gracey ◽  
V. Burke ◽  
B. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Australian Aborigines ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Aboriginal Communities ◽  
Infectious Diarrhoea ◽  
Health Standards ◽  
Aboriginal Children

Infectious diarrhoea is common in young Australian Aborigines [1–3] and is one of the main causes for their unsatisfactory health standards with consequent widespread failure to thrive and undernutrition [4–5]. Most published reports relate to patients in hospital or to hospital admission statistics and give little indication of the extent or severity of diarrhoeal disease in children in Aboriginal communities.The present investigation involved more than 100 Aboriginal children up to 5 years of age living in remote communities in the tropical north of Western Australia who were studied prospectively over a 12–month period.

scholarly journals Benign Convulsions with Mild Rotavirus and Norovirus Gastroenteritis: Nationwide Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Dong Jun Ha ◽  
Yeong Seok Lee ◽  
Min Jun Chun ◽  
Young Se Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norovirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Increasing Trend

There have been no large-scale studies on the epidemiology of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in South Korea in 2007. This study aimed to analyze the trends in rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and rotavirus-associated CwG (RaCwG) after rotavirus vaccination. Further, we aimed to analyze changes in norovirus gastroenteritis (NVGE) and norovirus-associated CwG (NaCwG) using nationwide data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Between 2007 and 2019, this study analyzed children aged <6 years who were diagnosed with RVGE, NVGE, RaCwG and NaCwG. The changes in the prevalence of each disease and the ratio of CwG to enteritis were analyzed and the effects of age, sex and season were also analyzed. RVGE, RaCwG, NVGE and NaCwG were diagnosed in 273,898, 4246, 35,593 and 337 patients, respectively. The prevalence of RVGE was on a decreasing trend every year, but the prevalence of NaCwG and NVGE was on an increasing trend. There was a significant annual increase in the ratio of CwG to enteritis in both viruses. In order to control the prevalence of RaCwG, measures other than the rotavirus vaccine are required and measures to prevent norovirus are necessary.

A protracted mumps outbreak in Western Australia despite high vaccine coverage: a population-based surveillance study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren W Westphal ◽  
Ashley Eastwood ◽  
Avram Levy ◽  
Jane Davies ◽  
Clare Huppatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Surveillance Study

scholarly journals Childhood Immunisation Coverage during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Michela Sabbatucci ◽  
Anna Odone ◽  
Carlo Signorelli ◽  
Andrea Siddu ◽  
Andrea Silenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Health System ◽  
P Value ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Rate Decrease ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Childhood Vaccine ◽  
Local Health Authorities

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected national healthcare systems worldwide, with around 282 million cumulative confirmed cases reported in over 220 countries and territories as of the end of 2021. The Italian National Health System was heavily affected, with detrimental impacts on preventive service delivery. Routine vaccination services were disrupted across the country during the first months of the pandemic, and both access to and demand for vaccines have decreased during the pandemic. In many cases, parents preferred to postpone scheduled appointments for routine paediatric vaccinations because of stay-at-home orders or fear of COVID-19 infection when accessing care. The objective of the current study was to assess the routine childhood vaccine coverage (VC) rates during the COVID-19 epidemic in Italy. We compared 2020 and 2019 VC by age group and vaccine type. The Italian Ministry of Health collected anonymised and aggregated immunisation national data through the local health authorities (LHAs). Results were considered statistically significant at a two-tailed p-value ≤ 0.05. VC rates for mandatory vaccinations decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 (range of VC rate decrease: −1% to −2.7%), while chicken pox increased (+2.2%) in 7-year-old children. Recommended vaccinations were moderately affected (range of VC rate decrease in 2020 vs. 2019: −1.4% to −8.5%), with the exception of anti-HPV in males, Men ACWY, and anti-rotavirus vaccination (VC increase 2020 vs. 2019: +1.8%, +4.7% and +9.4%, respectively). In the COVID-19 era, the implementation of coherent, transparent, and effective communication campaigns and educational programs on safe childhood vaccinations, together with the increase in the number of healthcare staff employed, is essential to support strategies to reinforce vaccination confidence and behaviour, thus avoiding health threats due to VPD during and beyond COVID-19 times.

scholarly journals A benefit–risk analysis of rotavirus vaccination, France, 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnane Lamrani ◽  
Pascale Tubert-Bitter ◽  
Catherine Hill ◽  
Sylvie Escolano
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Introduction Two vaccines available for protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), Rotarix and RotaTeq, have contributed to a large decrease in the incidence of paediatric diarrhoea in countries where they have been used. However, they have also led to a small increase in the risk of intussusception. Methods: We compare the number of prevented hospitalisations for RVGE to the number of vaccine-induced hospitalised intussusceptions in France. Results: With 9.5% coverage (French 2015 estimation), vaccination was estimated to prevent, annually, a median of 1,074 hospitalisations (2.5th and 97.5th percentiles (2.5th–97.5th): 810–1,378) and 1.4 deaths (2.5th–97.5th: 1.2–1.6) from RVGE. It was also estimated to cause, annually, 5.0 hospitalisations (2.5th–97.5th: 3.2–7.7) and 0.005 deaths (2.5th–97.5th: 0.001–0.015) from intussusception. The benefit–risk ratio is therefore 214 (2.5th–97.5th: 128–362) for hospitalisations and 273 (2.5th–97.5th: 89–1,228) for deaths. Under a hypothetical 92% coverage, rotavirus vaccination with Rotarix would avoid 10,459 (2.5th–97.5th: 7,702–13,498) hospitalisations for RVGE and induce 47.0 (2.5th–97.5th: 25.1–81.4) hospitalisations for intussusception annually, thereby preventing 13.7 (2.5th–97.5th: 11.1–15.2) deaths and inducing 0.05 (2.5th–97.5th: 0.01–0.15) deaths. Conclusion: The benefit–risk ratio in France is similar to that of other European countries.

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