ABSTRACTSecretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) represents a fundamental innate immune response to microbial infection that, at the molecular level, occurs following activation of proteolytic caspases that cleave the immature protein into a secretable form. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the archetypal betaherpesvirus that is invariably capable of lifelong infection through the activity of numerous virally encoded immune evasion phenotypes. Innate immune pathways responsive to cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are known to be activated in response to contact between HCMV and host cells. Here, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing to demonstrate that the dsDNA receptorabsentinmelanoma 2 (AIM2) is required for secretion of IL-1β following HCMV infection. Furthermore, dsDNA-responsive innate signaling induced by HCMV infection that leads to activation of the type I interferon response is also shown, unexpectedly, to play a contributory role in IL-1β secretion. Importantly, we also show that rendering virus particles inactive by UV exposure leads to substantially increased IL-1β processing and secretion and that live HCMV can inhibit this, suggesting the virus encodes factors that confer an inhibitory effect on this response. Further examination revealed that ectopic expression of the immediate early (IE) 86-kDa protein (IE86) is actually associated with a block in transcription of the pro-IL-1β gene and, independently, diminishment of the immature protein. Overall, these results reveal two new and distinct phenotypes conferred by the HCMV IE86 protein, as well as an unusual circumstance in which a single herpesviral protein exhibits inhibitory effects on multiple molecular processes within the same innate immune response.IMPORTANCEPersistent infection with HCMV is associated with the operation of diverse evasion phenotypes directed at antiviral immunity. Obstruction of intrinsic and innate immune responses is typically conferred by viral proteins either associated with the viral particle or expressed immediately after entry. In line with this, numerous phenotypes are attributed to the HCMV IE86 protein that involve interference with innate immune processes via transcriptional and protein-directed mechanisms. We describe novel IE86-mediated phenotypes aimed at virus-induced secretion of IL-1β. Intriguingly, while many viruses target the function of the molecular scaffold required for IL-1β maturation to prevent this response, we find that HCMV and IE86 target the IL-1β protein specifically. Moreover, we show that IE86 impairs both the synthesis of the IL-1β transcript and the stability of the immature protein. This indicates an unusual phenomenon in which a single viral protein exhibits two molecularly separate evasion phenotypes directed at a single innate cytokine.
Bacterial Cyclic Dinucleotides and the cGAS–cGAMP–STING Pathway: A Role in Periodontitis?
