scholarly journals Experimental Evidence of Epizootic Epitheliotropic Disease Virus (Salmoid Herpesvirus-3, Alloherpesviridae) Transmission via Contaminated Fomites and Subsequent Prevention Using a Disinfectant

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 724
Author(s):  
Mochamad A. Purbayu ◽  
Megan A. Shavalier ◽  
Mohamed Faisal ◽  
Thomas P. Loch
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Promising Tool

Epizootic epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV) has caused considerable mortality in hatchery-reared lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in the Great Lakes Basin, and yet the routes of transmission and efficacious means of prevention remain poorly understood. To determine whether EEDV can be transmitted via contaminated fomites and clarify whether such transmission could be prevented via fomite disinfection, juvenile lake trout (n = 20 per treatment) were handled in nets previously soaked in an EEDV suspension (7.29 × 104–2.25 × 105 virus copies/mL of water) that were further immersed in either 1% Virkon® Aquatic (“disinfected” treatment, in triplicate) or in sample diluent (“EEDV-contaminated” treatment). Negative control nets were soaked in sterile sample diluent only. Characteristic gross signs of EED developed in the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment group, which was followed by 80% mortality, whereas no gross signs of disease and 0–5% mortality occurred in the negative control and “disinfected” treatment groups, respectively. EEDV was detected via qPCR in 90% of the “EEDV-contaminated” treatment fish, however, it was not detected in any fish within the negative control or “disinfected” treatment groups. Study findings not only demonstrate that EEDV can be readily transmitted via contaminated fomites, but importantly suggest that Virkon® Aquatic is an efficacious option for preventing EEDV contagion via the disinfection of hatchery tools, thereby highlighting a promising tool for improving lake trout hatchery biosecurity and minimizing EEDV-linked losses.

Prevalence of a Testicular Anomaly in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) of the Great Lakes Basin

2000 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Fitzsimons ◽  
Victor W. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Great Lakes Basin

Classification of Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) Attack Marks on Great Lakes Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1989-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett Louis King Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Oral Disc ◽  
Field Assessment ◽  
Sea Lampreys

Criteria for the classification of marks inflicted by sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) into nine categories were developed from laboratory studies in an attempt to refine the classification system used in field assessment work. These criteria were based on characteristics of the attachment site that could be identified under field conditions by unaided visual means and by touching the attachment site. Healing of these marks was somewhat variable and was influenced by the size of lamprey, duration of attachment, severity of the wound at lamprey detachment, season and water temperature, and by other less obvious factors. Even under laboratory conditions staging of some wounds was difficult, especially at low water temperatures. If these criteria are to be used effectively and with precision in the field, close examination of individual fish may be required. If the feeding and density of specific year-classes of sea lampreys are to be accurately assessed on an annual basis, close attention to the wound size (as it reflects the size of the lamprey's oral disc) and character of wounds on fish will be required as well as consideration of the season of the year in which they are observed.Key words: sea lamprey, attack marks, lake trout, Great Lakes

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaf extraction on blood glucose level in alloxan-induced Wistar rat

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S3) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
A. Leonoreza ◽  
T. Excelinda ◽  
J. Elnitiarta ◽  
H.S. Heri-Nugroho ◽  
M. Hendrianingtyas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that always increasing in prevalence. Excessive glucose intake and oxidative stress that can lead to damage to the pancreatic cell or insulin resistance, are such factors that influence the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaf contains active metabolites such as flavonoid which able to decrease free radical levels. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaves extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced Wistar rats. In this study, twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. On day 0, the negative control and each treatment group injected with 125 mg/kg dose of alloxan and would be checked on 4th day. On the 4th day after the rats had diabetes, normal group (K-1) was given only standard feed, Negative control (K-2) was given only alloxan intraperitoneally on day 0, first treatment group (K-3) was given 50 mg/kg dose of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff, second treatment group (K-4) was given 100 mg/kg dose of the leaf extract, and the third treatment group (K-5) was given the leaf 200 mg/kg dose of the leaf extract. On the 10th day, fasting blood glucose was taken from the rats. Post-test only group design was used to be the experimental design. There were significant differences in the treatment groups (K-3, K-4, and K-5) compared to the negative control group (K-2) after treatment. The mean of blood glucose levels decreased with the increased doses of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaf extract treatment. The treatment groups (K-3, K-4, and K-5) were not significant compared to the normal group (K-1).

Effects of coancestry on accuracy of individual assignments to population of origin: examples using Great Lakes lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Genetica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 127 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Guinand ◽  
Kim T. Scribner ◽  
Kevin S. Page ◽  
Kristi Filcek ◽  
Laura Main ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush

scholarly journals PCR assay for improved diagnostics of epitheliotropic disease virus (EEDV) in lake trout Salvelinus namaycush

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Kurobe ◽  
S Marcquenski ◽  
RP Hedrick
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Pcr Assay

Responses of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) to Harvesting, Stocking, and Lamprey Reduction

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2133-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Walters ◽  
Greg Steer ◽  
George Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Population Regulation ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Density Dependent

Sustained yields, declines, and recovery of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) can be explained by a simple model that hypothesizes normal population regulation through density dependent body growth, coupled with depensatory lamprey mortality. The model indicates that either lamprey or fishing alone could have caused the Lake Superior decline, though they apparently operated in concert. The presence of depensatory lamprey mortality leads to a "cliff edge" in the system's dynamics, such that catastrophic changes may be repeated in the future. It is not unlikely that Lake Superior is on the verge of a second collapse. Options for dealing with potential disasters include conservative harvesting policies, development of more sensitive monitoring indicators, and modified stocking policies that may speed the coevolution of a viable lamprey/trout association.Key words: lake trout, sea lamprey, simulation, Great Lakes, policy analysis

Origin and Geography of the Fish Fauna of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1539-1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reeve M. Bailey ◽  
Gerald R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Fish Fauna ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Stizostedion Vitreum ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
The Past

The native fishes of the Great Lakes basin consist of 153 species, 64 genera, and 25 families. The total ichthyofaunal lists for the several lakes and (in parentheses) their tributary basins are as follows: Nipigon (and tributaries), 40; Superior, 53 (82); Michigan, 91 (135); Huron, 90 (112); St. Clair and Detroit River 108; Erie, 106 (125); Ontario, 95 (125). (These totals include 21 introduced species, most named species of ciscoes and chubs, and the blue pike (Stizostedion vitreum glaucum).)Several areas show notable within-species differentiation. Tributaries to Lake Ontario are part of a zone of secondary contact of a few small, nonmanaged, subspecies that entered the basin from both eastern and western glacial refugia. In the Great Lakes themselves, stocks of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), ciscoes, walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), and a few nonmanaged species stem from differentiation within the basin or reflect interglacial events that occurred in Mississippi refugia.Species distribution patterns suggest colonization of the Great Lakes by 122 kinds solely from Mississippi basin refugia, 14 kinds only from Atlantic drainage refugia, and dual refugia for at least 18 kinds. Geological evidence provides some support for this interpretation. It is unlikely that any species colonized the Great Lakes from an Alaskan refuge in the past 14 000 yr.The ciscoes and chubs of the genus Coregonus include numerous genetically differentiated stocks, some of which may predate the opening of the Great Lakes in the past 14 000 yr. This conclusion is based on the occurrence in Lake Nipigon and Lake Superior of several forms that must have colonized prior to 9000 yr ago when the last access existed from Lake Superior to Lake Nipigon. At least four and perhaps up to eight forms of Great Lakes coregonines probably survived (or differentiated during) the last glaciation south of the ice in proglacial waters at the heads of major river systems. There is no evidence to support the hypothesized post-Wisconsinan dispersal of any of these forms from a northwestern refugium or their Pleistocene derivation by introgression with a Eurasian species.Despite the evidence for some long-standing genetic differentiation within Coregonus, morphological and biochemical characters fail to support the unequivocal recognition within the Great Lakes of more than one to four current biological species (apart from clupeaformis). The presently recognized species are groups of stocks whose position in the classification system is problematical. The named groups (two of which are extinct) included numerous stocks that were (or are) isolated by homing behavior specific to time and place. The lack of intrinsic reproductive isolation among forms increases their vulnerability to extinction because rare forms apparently hybridize with common forms spawning at adjacent times or places.Key words: biogeography, Coregonus, fish, Great Lakes, introduced fishes, Pleistocene, species, subspecies

Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus is not the cause of thiamine deficiency impeding lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) recruitment in the Great Lakes

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1056-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine A. Richter ◽  
Allison N. Evans ◽  
Maureen K. Wright-Osment ◽  
James L. Zajicek ◽  
Scott A. Heppell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Thiaminase I ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Paenibacillus Thiaminolyticus

Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency is a global concern affecting wildlife, livestock, and humans. In Great Lakes salmonines, thiamine deficiency causes embryo mortality and is an impediment to restoration of native lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) stocks. Thiamine deficiency in fish may result from a diet of prey with high levels of thiaminase I. The discoveries that the bacterial species Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus produces thiaminase I, is found in viscera of thiaminase-containing prey fish, and causes mortality when fed to lake trout in the laboratory provided circumstantial evidence implicating P. thiaminolyticus. This study quantified the contribution of P. thiaminolyticus to the total thiaminase I activity in multiple trophic levels of Great Lakes food webs. Unexpectedly, no relationship between thiaminase activity and either the amount of P. thiaminolyticus thiaminase I protein or the abundance of P. thiaminolyticus cells was found. These results demonstrate that P. thiaminolyticus is not the primary source of thiaminase activity affecting Great Lakes salmonines and calls into question the long-standing assumption that P. thiaminolyticus is the source of thiaminase in other wild and domestic animals.

New insight into the spawning behavior of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, from a recovering population in the Laurentian Great Lakes

2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Binder ◽  
H. T. Thompson ◽  
A. M. Muir ◽  
S. C. Riley ◽  
J. E. Marsden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Spawning Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Toxicity of chlorinated bornane (toxaphene) residues isolated from Great Lakes Lake trout (salvelinus namaycush)

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay W. Gooch ◽  
Fumio Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Namaycush
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