scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Two Western Mediterranean West Nile Virus Lineage 1 Isolates in Experimentally Infected Red-Legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Virginia Gamino ◽  
Elisa Pérez-Ramírez ◽  
Ana Valeria Gutiérrez-Guzmán ◽  
Elena Sotelo ◽  
Francisco Llorente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Alectoris Rufa ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
Bird Mortality

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most widespread flavivirus in the world with a wide vertebrate host range. Its geographic expansion and activity continue to increase with important human and equine outbreaks and local bird mortality. In a previous experiment, we demonstrated the susceptibility of 7-week-old red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) to Mediterranean WNV isolates Morocco/2003 and Spain/2007, which varied in virulence for this gallinaceous species. Here we study the pathogenesis of the infection with these two strains to explain the different course of infection and mortality. Day six post-inoculation was critical in the course of infection, with the highest viral load in tissues, the most widespread virus antigen, and more severe lesions. The most affected organs were the heart, liver, and spleen. Comparing infections with Morocco/2003 and Spain/2007, differences were observed in the viral load, virus antigen distribution, and lesion nature and severity. A more acute and marked inflammatory reaction (characterized by participation of microglia and CD3+ T cells) as well as neuronal necrosis in the brain were observed in partridges infected with Morocco/2003 as compared to those infected with Spain/2007. This suggests a higher neurovirulence of Morocco/2003, probably related to one or more specific molecular determinants of virulence different from Spain/2007.

scholarly journals Experimental North American West Nile Virus Infection in the Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa)

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gamino ◽  
E. Escribano-Romero ◽  
A.-B. Blázquez ◽  
A.-V. Gutiérrez-Guzmán ◽  
M.-Á. Martín-Acebes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
North American ◽  
American West ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Alectoris Rufa ◽  
West Nile ◽  
North American West

Protection of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) against West Nile virus (WNV) infection after immunization with WNV recombinant envelope protein E (rE)

Vaccine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (41) ◽  
pp. 4523-4527 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Escribano-Romero ◽  
V. Gamino ◽  
T. Merino-Ramos ◽  
A.B. Blázquez ◽  
M.A. Martín-Acebes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Alectoris Rufa ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Recombinant Envelope Protein

scholarly journals Analysis of the Results of Monitoring Arbovirus Infections in the Volgograd Region in 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
A. O. Negodenko ◽  
E. V. Molchanova ◽  
D. R. Prilepskaya ◽  
P. Sh. Konovalov ◽  
O. A. Pavlyukova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Sindbis Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
California Serogroup

Relevance. Natural and climatic conditions, a variety of species composition of arthropods and vertebrates determine the possibility of circulation of arboviruses in the Volgograd region. The existence of natural foci of some arbovirus infections and the possibility of the formation of others suggests the need for annual monitoring of the causative agents of arbovirus diseases. Аim. Evaluation of the results of monitoring of arbovirus infections in the Volgograd region in 2019.Materials and methods: 806 blood serum samples from donors, 44 blood serum samples from febrile sick people, 300 blood serum samples from horses and 94 pools of blood-sucking mosquitoes were examined by immunofernal analysis. Result of the study of serum samples from donors in the Volgograd region, in 140 (17.4%) of 806 were found to have antibodies to the pathogen of West Nile fever (in 35 (4.3%) – IgM, in 105 (13.0%) – IgG), in 7 (2.2%) of 319 – to the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus (in 4 (1.3%) – IgM, in 3 (0.9%) –IgG), and in 7 (2.9%) of 240 – IgG to the viruses of the California serogroup. Specific antibodies against viruses of Sindbis, Batai and Uukuniemi in the samples was not detected. The largest number of positive samples with the presence of IgG and IgM to the West Nile virus was found among residents of Volgograd (61 out of 240, 25.4%) and Volzhsky (25 out of 100, 25, 0%). Among 44 blood serums of febrile patients, 1 sample (2.3%) was found to contain an antigen of the Sindbis virus, and 2 samples (4.5%) – antigens California serogroup viruses. Specific immunoglobulins against West Nile virus were detected in 84 (28%) of 300 blood serums of farm animals (horses). In the study of 94 samples of field material (blood-sucking mosquitoes), West Nile virus antigen was detected in 14 (14.9%), Sindbis virus – in one sample (1.0%), Batai virus – in four samples (4.2%). Conclusions: the obtained results, along with the circulation of West Nile virus and Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus virus in the Volgograd region, indicate the presence of Sindbis, Batai and California serogroup viruses and necessitate further study of their role in the infectious pathology of the population.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of the re-emerging West Nile virus in avian species and equids in Israel, 2018, and pathological description of the disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gili Schvartz ◽  
Yigal Farnoushi ◽  
Asaf Berkowitz ◽  
Nir Edery ◽  
Shelly Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Suitable Condition ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Anser Anser ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
Cluster 2

Abstract Background In this report we describe the molecular and pathological characteristics of West Nile virus (WNV) infection that occurred during the summer and fall of 2018 in avian species and equines. WNV is reported in Israel since the 1950s, with occasional outbreaks leading to significant morbidity and mortality in birds, high infection in horses and humans, and sporadic fatalities in humans. Methods Animal and avian carcasses in a suitable condition were examined by post-mortem analysis. Tissue samples were examined for WNV by RT-qPCR and the viral load was quantified. Samples with sufficient material quality were further analyzed by Endpoint PCR and sequencing, which was used for phylogenetic analysis. Tissue samples from positive animals were used for culturing the virus in Vero and C6/36 cells. Results WNV RNA was detected in one yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), two long-eared owls (Asio otus), two domesticated geese (Anser anser), one pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), four hooded crows (Corvus cornix), three horses and one donkey. Pathological and histopathological findings were characteristic of viral infection. Molecular analysis and viral load quantification showed varying degrees of infection, ranging between 70–1.4 × 106 target copies per sample. Phylogenetic analysis of a 906-bp genomic segment showed that all samples belonged to Lineage 1 clade 1a, with the following partition: five samples from 2018 and one sample detected in 2016 were of Cluster 2 Eastern European, two of Cluster 2 Mediterranean and four of Cluster 4. Four of the positive samples was successfully propagated in C6/36 and Vero cell lines for further work. Conclusions WNV is constantly circulating in wild and domesticated birds and animals in Israel, necessitating constant surveillance in birds and equines. At least three WNV strains were circulating in the suspected birds and animals examined. Quantitative analysis showed that the viral load varies significantly between different organs and tissues of the infected animals.

FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST FOR RAPID DETECTION OF WEST NILE VIRUS ANTIGEN IN AVIAN TISSUES

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. e10-e10
Author(s):  
T. M. A. Foral ◽  
R. A. French ◽  
H. J. Van Kruiningen ◽  
A. E. Garmendia
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9117
Author(s):  
Lise Fiacre ◽  
Nonito Pagès ◽  
Emmanuel Albina ◽  
Jennifer Richardson ◽  
Sylvie Lecollinet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
The World ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
Economic Considerations

West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird–mosquito–bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Many studies have investigated the molecular determinants of WNV virulence, mainly with the ultimate objective of guiding vaccine development. Several vaccines are used in horses in different parts of the world, but there are no licensed WNV vaccines for humans, suggesting the need for greater understanding of the molecular determinants of virulence and antigenicity in different hosts. Owing to technical and economic considerations, WNV virulence factors have essentially been studied in rodent models, and the results cannot always be transported to mosquito vectors or to avian hosts. In this review, the known molecular determinants of WNV virulence, according to invertebrate (mosquitoes) or vertebrate hosts (mammalian and avian), are presented and discussed. This overview will highlight the differences and similarities found between WNV hosts and models, to provide a foundation for the prediction and anticipation of WNV re-emergence and its risk of global spread.

scholarly journals Detection of West Nile Virus Antigen in Mosquitoes and Avian Tissues by a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Capture Enzyme Immunoassay

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2023-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Hunt ◽  
R. A. Hall ◽  
A. J. Kerst ◽  
R. S. Nasci ◽  
H. M. Savage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Recovery and Identification of West Nile Virus from a Hawk in Winter

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 3110-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio E. Garmendia ◽  
Herbert J. Van Kruiningen ◽  
Richard A. French ◽  
John F. Anderson ◽  
Theodore G. Andreadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Brain

West Nile virus was recovered from the brain of a red-tailed hawk that died in Westchester County, N.Y., in February 2000. Multiple foci of glial cells, lymphocytes, and a few pyknotic nuclei were observed in the brain. Three to 4 days after inoculation of Vero cells with brain homogenates, cytopathic changes were detected. The presence of West Nile virus antigen in fixed cells or cell lysates was revealed by fluorescent antibody testing or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Furthermore, Reverse transcriptase-PCR with primers specific for the NS3 gene of West Nile virus resulted in an amplicon of the expected size (470 bp). Electron microscopy of thin sections of infected Vero cells revealed the presence of viral particles approximately 40 nm in diameter, within cytoplasmic vesicles. The demonstration of infection with the West Nile virus in the dead of the winter, long after mosquitoes ceased to be active, is significant in that it testifies to the survival of the virus in the region beyond mosquito season and suggests another route of transmission: in this case, prey to predator.

Lesions Associated with Intramuscular Vaccination Against West Nile Virus in Red-legged Partridges (Alectoris rufa)

2013 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
V. Gamino ◽  
A.V. Gutiérrez-Guzmán ◽  
E. Escribano-Romero ◽  
A.-B. Blázquez ◽  
J.-C. Saiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Alectoris Rufa ◽  
West Nile
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