scholarly journals Identical Viral Genetic Sequence Found in Black Flies (Simulium bivittatum) and the Equine Index Case of the 2006 U.S. Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Barbara S. Drolet ◽  
Will K. Reeves ◽  
Kristine E. Bennett ◽  
Steven J. Pauszek ◽  
Miranda R. Bertram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Index Case ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Culicoides Biting Midges ◽  
Partial Genome

In 2006, vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) caused outbreaks in Wyoming (WY) horses and cattle after overwintering in 2004 and 2005. Within two weeks of the outbreak onset, 12,203 biting flies and 194 grasshoppers were collected near three equine-positive premises in Natrona County, WY. Insects were identified to the species level and tested by RT-qPCR for VSNJV polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P) gene RNA. Collected dipterans known to be competent for VSV transmission included Simulium black flies and Culicoides biting midges. VSNJV L and P RNA was detected in two pools of female Simulium bivittatum and subjected to partial genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the hypervariable region of the P gene from black flies showed 100% identity to the isolate obtained from the index horse case on the same premises. This is the first report of VSNJV in S. bivittatum in WY and the first field evidence of possible VSV maintenance in black fly populations during an outbreak.

scholarly journals Detection of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Indiana from Insects Collected during the 2020 Outbreak in Kansas, USA

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1126
Author(s):  
Bethany L. McGregor ◽  
Paula Rozo-Lopez ◽  
Travis M. Davis ◽  
Barbara S. Drolet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
First Report ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Culicoides Variipennis

Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a reportable viral disease which affects horses, cattle, and pigs in the Americas. Outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ) in the United States typically occur on a 5–10-year cycle, usually affecting western and southwestern states. In 2019–2020, an outbreak of VSV Indiana serotype (VSV-IN) extended eastward into the states of Kansas and Missouri for the first time in several decades, leading to 101 confirmed premises in Kansas and 37 confirmed premises in Missouri. In order to investigate which vector species contributed to the outbreak in Kansas, we conducted insect surveillance at two farms that experienced confirmed VSV-positive cases, one each in Riley County and Franklin County. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps were used to collect biting flies on the premises. Two genera of known VSV vectors, Culicoides biting midges and Simulium black flies, were identified to species, pooled by species, sex, reproductive status, and collection site, and tested for the presence of VSV-IN RNA by RT-qPCR. In total, eight positive pools were detected from Culicoides sonorensis (1), Culicoides stellifer (3), Culicoides variipennis (1), and Simulium meridionale (3). The C. sonorensis- and C. variipennis-positive pools were from nulliparous individuals, possibly indicating transovarial or venereal transmission as the source of virus. This is the first report of VSV-IN in field caught C. stellifer and the first report of either serotype in S. meridionale near outbreak premises. These results improve our understanding of the role midges and black flies play in VSV epidemiology in the United States and broadens the scope of vector species for targeted surveillance and control.

Management of North American Culicoides Biting Midges: Current Knowledge and Research Needs

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 374-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Pfannenstiel ◽  
Bradley A. Mullens ◽  
Mark G. Ruder ◽  
Ludek Zurek ◽  
Lee W. Cohnstaedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Culicoides Biting Midges

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in nine European countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Cuéllar ◽  
Lene Jung Kjær ◽  
Carsten Kirkeby ◽  
Henrik Skovgard ◽  
Søren Achim Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Culicoides Biting Midges

scholarly journals Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Katherine I. Young ◽  
Federico Valdez ◽  
Christina Vaquera ◽  
Carlos Campos ◽  
Lawrence Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) emerges periodically from its focus of endemic transmission in southern Mexico to cause epizootics in livestock in the US. The ecology of VSV involves a diverse, but largely undefined, repertoire of potential reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors. As part of a larger program to decipher VSV transmission, we conducted a study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Simulium black flies, a known vector of VSV, along the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, USA from March to December 2020. Serendipitously, the index case of VSV-Indiana (VSIV) in the USA in 2020 occurred at a central point of our study. Black flies appeared soon after the release of the Rio Grande’s water from an upstream dam in March 2020. Two-month and one-year lagged precipitation, maximum temperature, and vegetation greenness, measured as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were associated with increased black fly abundance. We detected VSIV RNA in 11 pools comprising five black fly species using rRT-PCR; five pools yielded a VSIV sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of VSV in the western US from vectors that were not collected on premises with infected domestic animals.

scholarly journals Culicoides biting midges at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa : research communication

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Labuschagne ◽  
L.J. Gerber ◽  
I. Espie ◽  
S. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vector Competence ◽  
Far East ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Light Traps ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Research Communication ◽  
Culicoides Imicola ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Culicoides Biting Midges

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are responsible for the transmission of a large number of pathogens to livestock and wild animals. In this study the presence of the genus, using light traps based at four different sites within the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, was investigated during 2002-2004. In total, 37 species were recorded, including large numbers of Culicoides imicola Kieffer, 1913, which is responsible for the transmission of economically important arboviruses in South Africa, Europe, Middle and Far East. These results are discussed with reference to the wider Culicoides fauna in the Onderstepoort area of South Africa, their vector competence as well as biosecurity at the National Zoological Gardens.

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