scholarly journals Antibiogram Profile of Acinetobacterbaumannii Recovered from Selected Freshwater Resources in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1110
Author(s):  
Mary Ayobami Adewoyin ◽  
Kingsley Ehi Ebomah ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Freshwater Resources ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Hospital Environments

Acinetobacter species have been found in a variety of environments, including soil, food, plants, hospital environments and water. Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic and emerging waterborne pathogen. It has been implicated in several nosocomial infections that demonstrate resistance to commonly administered antibiotics. We investigated phenotypic antibiotic resistance (PAR) and relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in A. baumannii isolated from three freshwater resources in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa; A. baumannii (410) was confirmed by the recA and gyrB genes of 844 suspected Acinetobacter species in the water samples. The PAR of the confirmed isolates was assessed using a panel of 11 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method, while ARGs were investigated in isolates exhibiting PAR. The A. baumannii isolates were resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam (11.2%), ceftazidime (12%), cefotaxime (18.8%), cefepime (8.8%), imipenem (2.7%), meropenem (4.15%), amikacin (2.4%), gentamicin (8.8%), tetracycline (16.8%), ciprofloxacin (11%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (20.5%). For multidrug resistance (MDR), two isolates were resistant to all antibiotics and 28 isolates were resistant to imipenem and meropenem. Moreover, β-lactamases blaTEM (64.4%) and blaOXA-51 (28.70%) as well as sulphonamides sul1 (37.1%) and sul2 (49.4%) were common ARGs. Overall, PAR and ARGs had positive correlations (r) in all rivers. Detection of MDR-A. baumannii in freshwater resources could be linked to possible wastewater discharge from the nearby animal farms, indicating potential implications for public health.

scholarly journals Occurrence, distribution and virulence factors of clinically important Acinetobacter species recovered from selected freshwater resources in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ayobami Adewoyin ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Reca Gene ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Freshwater Resources ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Acinetobacter Species

Abstract Background : Several Acinetobacter species live in different ecosystems such as soil, freshwater, wastewater, and solid wastes. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis , which are the major two clinically important species of the genus Acinetobacter , in three freshwater resources (Great Fish, Keiskemma, and Tyhume rivers) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa over a one year sampling regime (April 2017 - March 2018). Presumptive Acinetobacter species were subjected to molecular identification by using Acinetobacter genus-specific primers targeting the recA gene. The confirmed Acinetobacter species were further delineated into A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis using species-specific primer sets. Similarly, virulence genes, namely; afa/draBC, epsA, fimH, OmpA, PAI, sfa/focDE , and traT in the two Acinetobacter species were also determined using molecular techniques. Result : A total of 1107 presumptive Acinetobacter isolates were recovered from the freshwater resources of which 844 was confirmed positive for the Acinetobacter genus. Of the 844 Acinetobacter isolates, 285 (77%), 219 (70.9%) and 340 (79%) were recovered from Great Fish, Keiskemma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Our finding revealed that 410 (48.58%) and 23 (2.7%) of the isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii and A. nosocomalis , respectively. The presence of these clinically-important Acinetobacter species in the freshwater studied suggests possible contamination of the selected rivers and also that A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis can thrive in aquatic environments. Besides, 308 (75.12%) A. baumannii and 3 (13.04%) A. nosocomialis isolates exhibited one or more virulence genes out of the seven tested, whereas 102 (24.88%) and 20 (86.95%) of the A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolates did not harbour any virulence gene. Additionally, OmpA was the most prevalent (p<0.05) virulence gene in A. baumannii with 69 (45.10%), 52 (50.98%) and 77 (49.68%) isolates in Great Fish, Keiskamma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Conclusion : The occurrence of these pathogens in rivers which are consumed by humans and livestock, as well as being used for irrigation system constitutes a risk to public health. Keywords: Freshwater resources, Molecular characterisation, Acinetobacter species, virulence gene s.

scholarly journals Occurrence, distribution and virulence factors of clinically important Acinetobacter species recovered from selected freshwater resources in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ayobami Adewoyin ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Reca Gene ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Freshwater Resources ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Acinetobacter Species

Abstract Background : Several Acinetobacter species live in different ecosystems such as soil, freshwater, wastewater, and solid wastes. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis , which are the major two clinically important species of the genus Acinetobacter , in three freshwater resources (Great Fish, Keiskemma, and Tyhume rivers) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa over a one year sampling regime (April 2017 - March 2018). Presumptive Acinetobacter species were subjected to molecular identification by using Acinetobacter genus-specific primers targeting the recA gene. The confirmed Acinetobacter species were further delineated into A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis using species-specific primer sets. Similarly, virulence genes, namely; afa/draBC, epsA, fimH, OmpA, PAI, sfa/focDE , and traT in the two Acinetobacter species were also determined using molecular techniques. Result : A total of 1107 presumptive Acinetobacter isolates were recovered from the freshwater resources of which 844 was confirmed positive for the Acinetobacter genus. Of the 844 Acinetobacter isolates, 285 (77%), 219 (70.9%) and 340 (79%) were recovered from Great Fish, Keiskemma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Our finding revealed that 410 (48.58%) and 23 (2.7%) of the isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii and A. nosocomalis , respectively. The presence of these clinically-important Acinetobacter species in the freshwater studied suggests possible contamination of the selected rivers and also that A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis can thrive in aquatic environments. Besides, 308 (75.12%) A. baumannii and 3 (13.04%) A. nosocomialis isolates exhibited one or more virulence genes out of the seven tested, whereas 102 (24.88%) and 20 (86.95%) of the A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolates did not harbour any virulence gene. Additionally, OmpA was the most prevalent (p<0.05) virulence gene in A. baumannii with 69 (45.10%), 52 (50.98%) and 77 (49.68%) isolates in Great Fish, Keiskamma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Conclusion : The occurrence of these pathogens in rivers which are consumed by humans and livestock, as well as being used for irrigation system constitutes a risk to public health. Keywords: Freshwater resources, Molecular characterisation, Acinetobacter species, virulence gene s.

scholarly journals Distribution and molecular characterization of ESBL, pAmpC β-lactamases, and non-β-lactam encoding genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from hospital wastewater in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254753
Author(s):  
Folake Temitope Fadare ◽  
Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Encoding Genes

Globally, there is an increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and/or plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases in clinical and environmental settings of significant concern. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC genetic determinants, and some essential non-β-lactam genetic determinants in the MDR phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from hospital wastewater. We collected samples from two hospitals in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, within October and November 2017. Using the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), we identified a total of 44 presumptive Enterobacteriaceae isolates. From this, 31 were identified as the targeted Enterobacteriaceae members. Thirty-six percent of these belonged to Klebsiella oxytoca, while 29% were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The other identified isolates included Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli (10%), Enterobacter asburiae (6%), Enterobacter amnigenus, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter kobei (3%). We established the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of these identified bacterial isolates against a panel of 18 selected antibiotics belonging to 11 classes were established following established guidelines by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. All the bacterial species exhibited resistance phenotypically against at least four antibiotic classes and were classified as MDR. Notably, all the bacterial species displayed resistance against cefotaxime, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The generated multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranged between 0.5 to 1.0, with the highest value seen in one K. oxytoca isolated. Molecular characterization via the Polymerase Chain Reaction uncovered various ESBLs, pAmpCs, and other non-β-lactam encoding genes. Of the phenotypically resistant isolates screened for each class of antibiotics, the ESBLs detected were blaCTX-M group (including groups 1, 2, and 9) [51.6% (16/31)], blaTEM [32.3% (10/31)], blaOXA-1-like [19.4% (6/31)], blaSHV [12.9% (4/31)], blaPER [6.5% (2/31)], blaVEB [3.2% (1/31)], blaOXA-48-like and blaVIM [15.4% (2/13)], and blaIMP [7.7% (1/13)]. The pAmpC resistance determinants detected were blaCIT [12.9% (4/31)], blaFOX [9.7% (3/31)], blaEBC [6.5% (2/31)], and blaDHA [3.2% (1/31)]. The frequencies of the non-β-lactam genes detected were catII [79.2% (19/24)], tetA [46.7% (14/30)], sulI and sulII [35.5% (11/31)], tetB [23.3% (7/30)], aadA [12.9% (4/31)], tetC [10% (3/30)], and tetD [3.3% (1/30)]. These results indicate that hospital wastewater is laden with potentially pathogenic MDR Enterobacteriaceae with various antibiotic resistance genes that can be spread to humans throughout the food chain, provided the wastewaters are not properly treated before eventual discharge into the environment.

scholarly journals Home gardens in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: A promising approach to enhance household food security and well-being

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelisa Ngcaba ◽  
Alfred Maroyi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Household Food

Abstract. Ngcaba P, Maroyi A. 2021. Home gardens in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: A promising approach to enhance household food security and well-being. Biodiversitas 22: 4045-4053. The current study is aimed at documenting the diversity and composition of food plants cultivated and maintained in home gardens; and also assessing their role at enhancing household food security and well-being in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. This study was undertaken in six villages in the province, between June 2014 and March 2016. Information on socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the respondents, home garden practices, food plants grown and maintained in home gardens were collected by means of questionnaires and guided field walks with 129 respondents. A total of 32 edible plants belonging to 27 genera and 18 families were recorded. The main uses of plants grown and managed in home gardens were edible fruits or seeds (56.3%), leaves cooked as leafy vegetables (28.1%), edible bulbs, roots and tubers (21.9%), beverage, cereal, and culinary herb or spice (3.1% each). The most preferred species were Zea mays (64.3%), followed by Brassica oleracea (59.7%), Solanum tuberosum (58.9%), Spinacia oleracea (52.7%), Allium cepa (51.9%), Cucurbita moschata (44.2%), Capsicum annuum (38.0%), Cucurbita maxima (31.8%) and Daucas carota (31.0%). This study showed that home gardens can provide alternative sources of diverse and nutritious food to households, making home gardens an important agricultural resource for increasing food security in the province.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia coli O26, O145, and O157:H7 isolated from swine in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinwe Juliana Iwu ◽  
◽  
Ishmael Festus Jaja ◽  
Benson Chuks Iweriebor ◽  
Larry Chikwelu Obi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape

scholarly journals Prevalence and Resistance Profile of Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter Species from Karachi, Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Qurat Ul Ain ◽  
Asma Naim ◽  
Asma Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Resistance Profile

Acinetobacter baumannii causes a variety of infections including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, peritonitis etc. This organism is developing resistance to a number of antibiotics due to various intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance genes. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter species from Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 111 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii and 8 strains of non-baumannii Acinetobacter were isolated from various hospitals of Karachi from September 2013 to December 2014. Identification of the isolates was based on the standard biochemical tests and detection of OXA-51 and OXA-23. Antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined by broth macro-dilution method. Among 111 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, 8 were pan-drug resistant (PDR) and 103 isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) while all non-baumannii Acinetobacter were MDR. The effective antibiotics against A. baumannii were colistin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin with MIC50 value 1, 256, 256, 256µg/ml, respectively. These findings strongly suggest the proper detection and reporting of PDR/MDR Acinetobacter from clinical samples and also the judicious use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is necessary to prevent the further spread of resistant strains of Acinetobacter.

scholarly journals Antibiogram, Adhesive Characteristics, and Incidence of Class 1 Integron inAeromonasSpecies Isolated from Two South African Rivers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isoken H. Igbinosa ◽  
Vincent N. Chigor ◽  
Etinosa O. Igbinosa ◽  
Lawrence C. Obi ◽  
Anthony I. Okoh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
South African ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Freshwater Environments

Aeromonasspecies are well distributed in freshwater environments, and their natural susceptibility to antimicrobials renders them interesting candidates for the survey of antimicrobial resistance in freshwater milieu. Water samples were collected from Kat and Tyume rivers in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa, and a total of 45 isolates identified asAeromonasspecies were recovered from the two rivers. AllAeromonasisolates were resistant to oxacillin, penicillin, clindamycin, cephalothin, vancomycin, and rifamycin, while appreciable susceptibilities (89.3 : 94.1%, 82.1 : 94.1%, 85.7 : 88.2%, and 92.9 : 88.2%) were observed against ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin from Kat and Tyume rivers, respectively. Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices ranged from 0.016 to 0.044 for the two rivers. Class 1 integron was detected in about 20% of the isolates, and all the isolates except one showed ability to produce biofilmin vitroas weak producers (53.33%), moderate producers (15.56%), and strong producers (28.9%). This investigation provides a baseline data on antibiotic resistance as well as the adhesive characteristics ofAeromonasisolates from Tyume and Kat rivers in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Influence of Knowledge Management Practices on Public Service Delivery by Municipalities

Mousaion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charleen Musonza ◽  
Ndakasharwa Muchaonyerwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Eastern Cape Province ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Public Service Delivery

This study examines the influence of knowledge management (KM) practices on public service delivery by municipalities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The study sought to determine the factors that have triggered the implementation of KM practices; the effectiveness of KM practices towards public service delivery; and the extent to which KM practices have influenced public service delivery by municipalities in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed in this study. Quantitative data were collected through a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 202 employees at the Raymond Mhlaba Municipality in the Eastern Cape. Qualitative data were collected through observations and interviews of 2 senior managers. The data collected gave a response rate of 72 per cent. The quantitative and qualitative data were analysed descriptively and presented verbatim respectively. The results indicated that the internal and external factors included in this study have contributed to the implementation of KM practices in the municipality. Furthermore, the effective use of KM practices has increased the organisational KM initiative, as well as the provision of services such as electricity, education, transport, and social services by the municipality. The study recommends the establishment of KM awareness and the establishment of an integrated system that will assist in effective knowledge sharing, retention and acquisition across municipalities in the Eastern Cape.

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