scholarly journals Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Abound in the Cattle Population of the Rabat-Sale Kenitra Region, Morocco

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1594
Author(s):  
Latifa Elhachimi ◽  
Carolien Rogiers ◽  
Stijn Casaert ◽  
Siham Fellahi ◽  
Thomas Van Leeuwen ◽  
...  

Tick-borne pathogens cause the majority of diseases in the cattle population in Morocco. In this study, ticks were collected from cattle in the Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region of Morocco and identified morphologically, while tick-borne pathogens were detected in cattle blood samples via polymerase chain reaction assay and sequencing. A total of 3394 adult ixodid ticks were collected from cattle and identified as eight different tick species representing two genera, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The collected ticks consisted of Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, and Hyalomma impeltatum. The overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples was 63.8%, with 29.3% positive for Babesia/Theileria spp., 51.2% for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., and none of the samples positive for Rickettsia spp. Sequencing results revealed the presence of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Theileria buffeli, Theileria orientalis, Babesia occultans, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma bovis, Ehrlichia minasensis, and one isolate of an unknown bovine Anaplasma sp. Crossbreeds, females, older age, and high tick infestation were the most important risk factors for the abundance of tick-borne pathogens, which occurred most frequently in Jorf El Melha, Sidi Yahya Zaer, Ait Ichou, and Arbaoua locations.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
MohammadReza Zeinali ◽  
Farnaz Malekifard ◽  
Alaleh Rakhshanpour ◽  
Mohammad Yakhchali

Abstract Background Hepatozoon canis is a protozoan that is transmitted by the ixodid ticks. Ingesting the tick or a section of the tick organ which is infected by the mature oocysts containing infectious sporozoite is the main source of infection in dogs. Canine hepatozoonosis infects dogs in Iran, but the vector for Hepatozoon protozoa from Iran has never been demonstrated. The present study aims to detect H. canis in dogs and vector ticks in Iran. Methods During the period of 2018–2019, Blood samples and ixodid ticks were collected and examined using microscopical, molecular, and serological methods. A total of 246 blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein of pet, stray, and shelter dogs (103 stray, 99 shelter, and 44 pets) of both genders and varying ages in Northwest of Iran. Results Microscopically, infected neutrophils with Hepatozoon spp. were detected in 5 of 246 (2.03%) thin stained blood smears with low parasitemia. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used to test the serum samples and antibodies against H. canis were detected in 31 (12.6%) of the serum samples. Molecularly, 23 out of 246 (9.34%) blood samples were found to be infected with H. canis. A comparison of the results of 3 diagnostic methods demonstrated a good agreement between IFAT and PCR and a poor agreement between microscopical examination with IFAT and PCR. There was no significant difference in different age groups and sex of sampled dogs. However, stray dogs had significant infection rate of than pets and shelter ones. In body inspection, 141 adult ticks (31 partially engorged females, 26 fully engorged female and 84 fed males) were collected from examined dogs and all ticks were belonging to species of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato). Positive reaction to H. canis was observed in the genomic DNA of the 7 ticks (4.96%). A BLAST analysis of obtaining sequences isolated from both dogs and ticks indicated a 99–100% similarity with H. canis 18S rRNA gene sequences in GenBank. This is the first study in Iran to detect H. canis in R. sanguineus tick.


2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-158
Author(s):  
Noaman N. A,aiz

     This study aim to determine Babesia bovis infection in cattle based on genetic methods. A total of 96 blood samples were collected from alive and slaughtered cattle from different areas in addition to the abattoir of Al-Qadisiyah province from December 2013 to August 2014. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT.PCR) technique was used to detect the presence of the protozoan with the effect of animal's age and sex in the infection rate 47.91 % (46/96) of examined cattle were given positive result to B. bovis infection. The highest infections were shown among the adult cattle (≥1 year), while there was non-significant difference (P>0.05) in the infection rate according to the sex. So the most cattle in Al-Qadisiyah province appear to be bearing the infection predominantly as a carrier hosts.


2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia M. Ribeiro ◽  
Aldair C. Matos ◽  
Thainá Azzolini ◽  
Everton R. Bones ◽  
Eduardo A. Wasnieski ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: Hemoparasitic infections are tick-borne diseases, which affect animals and humans. Considering the importance of canine hemoparasitic infections in veterinary clinics, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis and Babesia vogeli in blood samples from 182 dogs not domiciled in the city of Pato Branco, southwestern region of Paraná State, Brazil, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of A. platys and B. vogeli was 32.9% and 10.9% respectively, and A. platys infection prevailed (p<0.001). The number of dogs positive for A. platys was larger in Winter (p<0.05). All blood samples were negative for E. canis. In the dogs, infestation by Amblyomma cajennense predominated over that by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (p<0.001); but there was no significant association between PCR and the variables presence of ticks, sex and age. Dogs infected by A. platys and B. vogeli showed thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia and leukocytosis; but there was no correlation between such hematological changes and infection by hemoparasites. This appears to be the first molecular study that demonstrates the existence of A. platys and B. vogeli in dogs from the southwestern region of Paraná.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Hannah Stanley ◽  
DeLacy V. L. Rhodes

Tick-borne diseases are a major threat to both humans and their pets; therefore, it is important to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens carried by ticks on companion animals. In this study, attached and unattached Ixodid ticks were removed from companion animals by a veterinary practice in Hall County, Georgia. DNA was extracted from unengorged adult ticks and each was screened for the presence of Rickettsia spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced to determine the species present. Two hundred and four adult hard-bodied ticks were identified to species and Rickettsia spp. were found in 19.6% (n = 38) of the 194 analyzed DNA extracts. Rickettsia montanensis was found in Dermacentor variablis (14.7%; n = 25), Amblyomma maculatum (33.3%; n = 2), and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks (25%; n = 4). One Amblyomma americanum tick contained Rickettsia amblyommatis, while Rickettsia felis was found in one Dermacentor variablis tick, serving as the first report of Rickettsia felis in a tick in this region and within this tick vector. This study suggests that there is a risk of companion animals contracting a species of Rickettsia from a tick bite in northeastern Georgia, indicating a need for more investigation and highlighting the importance of tick prevention on pets.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quincie Sipin ◽  
Farina Mustaffa Kamal ◽  
Malaika Watanabe ◽  
Puteri Azaziah Megat Abdul Rani ◽  
Nur Mahiza Md ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Canine tick-borne haemopathogens (TBH) constitute a significant concern worldwide. The detection of these TBH is mainly achieved by microscopic evaluation, seroprevalence, and molecular detection. The present study was designed to investigate the molecular detection of Anaplasma platys , Babesia gibsoni, Babesia vogeli , and Ehrlichia canis in shelter dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ( sensu lato ) ticks infesting them in Malaysia.Results A total of 220 blood samples and 140 ticks were collected from 10 animal shelters in Peninsular Malaysia. The presence of haemopathogens was detected using conventional PCR, sequenced, and identified at the species level. Of the 220 blood samples, 77 (35%) were positive with at least one of the four haemopathogens, of which E. canis predominated (20%) followed by B. gibsoni and B. vogeli both with detection of 7%, and A. platys (12%). In tick samples, 5 (3.57%) of the collected samples were positive with at least one of the three haemopathogens. Low detection of E. canis and A. platys were present (n = 2; 1.43%) as well as B. vogeli shows only 1 sample positive (0.71%) and no detection of B. gibsoni . For co-infection in dogs, single infection is common (24%), while co-infection with two haemopathogens (10%) was also observed. The occurrence of infection with three TBH was also observed in the sampled dogs (1%).Conclusion E. canis is the most common TBH affecting shelter dogs in Peninsular Malaysia. Co-infection is quite common and the most common co-infection present was E. canis and A. platys. The study highlighted the first extensive molecular detection of TBH in dogs and R. sanguineus ( sensu lato ) ticks in Malaysia


2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analilia Solís-Hernández ◽  
Roger Iván Rodríguez-Vivas ◽  
María Dolores Esteve-Gassent ◽  
Sandra Luz Villegas-Pérez

In Mexico, the distribution and the presence of pathogenic genospecies of B. burgdorferi in dogs and their ticks has not been extensively investigated. The study of canine borreliosis is acquiring greater relevance, since the dog is considered to be an important sentinel for pathogens pertaining to the complex Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato; in addition, dogs could be playing a key role in the spread of ticks from forested areas into the domestic environment. This study aimed to detect and estimate the prevalence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in dogs and their ticks in two rural communities of Yucatán, Mexico. In each community, 50 houses were visited, where 144 blood samples from dogs were studied by puncture of the saphenous vein, as well as the collection of their ticks. To detect the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in these samples, the conserved gene flaB, p66 and ospC were PCR amplified. A total of 144 dog blood samples, and 846 of ticks were obtained from the examined animals. Considering tick species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (786 / 846) was common, while Ixodes affinis (33 / 846), and Amblyomma mixtum (27 / 846) resulted less frequent. As per gene conservation, the prevalence of B. burgdorferi in canine blood was 17.3 % (25 / 144) to flaB, 12.50 % (18 / 144) for p66 and 1.38 % (2 / 144) for the ospC gene. Within the analyzed ticks, R. sanguineus s.l. had a prevalence of 0.89 %, A. mixtum 5.88 % and I. affinis 15.15 %, being this last species the one that presented higher prevalence. Two dogs and their ticks I. affinis were positive to the flaB gene. Only a tick R. sanguineus s.l. was positive to the gene p66 and no tick species was positive the ospC gene. This study confirmed the existence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in dogs and their ticks in rural communities of Yucatán, Mexico. The detection of Borrelia in dogs may be an important criterion for the evaluation of the risk of borreliosis in humans, since the dog can be used as an epidemiological indicator for the identification of new outbreaks of this disease.


Author(s):  
Gholamreza Razmi ◽  
Saeed Yaghfoori

A molecular study was undertaken to detect Theileria ovis, Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria annulatain sheep and tick vectors. Investigation was conducted from 2010 to 2011 in the south of Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. A total of 150 blood samples were collected from 30 different sheep flocks. In addition, ixodid ticks were sampled from the same flocks. The stained blood smears were microscopically examined for the presence of piroplasms and a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction (PCR) was used for subsequent molecular speciation. Salivary glands were isolated from the ticks and subsequently analysed by semi-nested PCR. polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to differentiate between T. lestoquardi and T. annulata from PCR-positive samples. Theileria species infection was microscopically detected in 18.6% of blood smears. The presence of T. ovis and T. lestoquardi or T. annulata was detected by semi-nested PCR in 58.6% and 6.6% of blood samples respectively. In total, 169 ixodid ticks were collected from different areas of the province. The most prevalent ticks were Rhipicephalus turanicus (n = 155; 91.7% of the total), followed by Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (n = 8; 4.7%) and Hyalomma marginatum turanicum (n = 6; 3.5%). From an organ pooling of 33 ticks, three pools of salivary glands from R. turanicus were positive for Theileria species by semi-nested PCR. Of the three R. turanicus samples testing positive for Theileria species, two (6.1%) were positive for T. ovis and one (3.0%) for T. lestoquardi or T. annulata. Amongst the 11 PCR-positive samples for T. lestoquardi or T. annulata, 10 were positive for T. lestoquardi and one sample was positive for both T. lestoquardi and T. annulata using PCR-RFLP. The results also demonstrated that PCR-RFLP could be used for the detection of T. ovis. Based on the results, it can be concluded that T. ovis has a higher prevalence than T. lestoquardi, and that R. turanicus could be a possible vector for T. ovis and T. lestoquardi. Finally, the PCR-RFLP based on Msp1 restriction enzyme is a simple method for differentiation of Theileria species in sheep and ixodid ticks.


2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Rodrigues de Almeida Valim ◽  
Charles Passos Rangel ◽  
Bruna de Azevedo Baêta ◽  
Carla Carolina Dias Uzedo Ribeiro ◽  
Matheus Dias Cordeiro ◽  
...  

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of the initial weight, feeding period and temperature on weight gain and biological parameters of the non-parasitic phase of partially engorged Rhipicephalus sanguineus females that were artificially fed using plastic tips as feeding devices. The device did not alter the oviposition of the females or any other parameters evaluated. Furthermore, it was observed that the temperature of the feeding the group did not affect the weight gain and biology of ticks. This device has great potential for the development of studies on bioagent transmission because it provides higher intake of blood by ixodid ticks.


Author(s):  
Barend L. Penzhorn ◽  
Ilse Vorster ◽  
Gernot Redecker ◽  
Marinda C. Oosthuizen

Although there is evidence of high seroprevalence of antibodies to Babesia spp. in dogs in central Namibia, clinical babesiosis is rarely diagnosed. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, the vector of Babesia vogeli, is common in Namibia while Haemaphysalis elliptica, the vector of the highly virulent but morphologically indistinguishable Babesia rossi, has rarely been recorded, mainly in northern Namibia. On the basis of vector occurrence, clinical cases of canine babesiosis in Windhoek, central Namibia, have been ascribed to B. vogeli. DNA extracted from a blood smear made from a sick dog was subjected to the reverse line blot hybridisation assay. The polymerase chain reaction amplicons hybridised with the B. vogeli–specific probe, but not with the Babesia canis– and B. rossi–specific probes. Although attempts at cloning and sequencing of the full-length 18S rRNA gene were unsuccessful, we can confirm that B. vogeli occurs in central Namibia.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ηλίας Χαληγιάννης

Ο αιμορραγικός πυρετός Κριμαίας-Κογκό (Crimean - Congo Hemorrhagic Fever– CCHF), είναι σοβαρή οξεία εμπύρετη νόσος που συνοδεύεται συχνά από αιμορραγικές εκδηλώσεις και παρουσιάζει θνητότητα που κυμαίνεται από 5%-30%. Αιτιολογικός παράγοντας της νόσου είναι ο ιός του αιμορραγικού πυρετού Κριμαίας-Κογκό (CCHFV, genus Orthonairovirus, family Nairoaviridae). Η μετάδοση της νόσου στον άνθρωπο γίνεται με νύγμα κροτώνων, κυρίως του γένους Hyalomma, ή μετά από άμεση επαφή των βλεννογόνων ή του δέρματος με αίμα, εκκρίματα ή ιστούς μολυσμένων ζώων ή ανθρώπων. Η γεωγραφική διασπορά του CCHFV είναι η πιο εκτεταμένη από τους ιούς που μεταδίδονται με κρότωνες, καθ΄ όσον η παρουσία του αναφέρθηκε σε περισσότερες από 30 χώρες στην Αφρική, Ασία, Ν.Α Ευρώπη και στη Μέση Ανατολή. Η κατανομή του ιού ακολουθεί τη διασπορά των κροτώνων του γένους Hyalomma, οι οποίοι εξαπλώνονται έως το 50° βόρειο γεωγραφικό πλάτος. Τα στελέχη του CCHF διαχωρίζονται σε 9 γονότυπους: οι γονότυποι “Africa 1”, “Africa 2” , “Africa 3” και “Africa 4” περιλαμβάνουν στελέχη διαφόρων χωρών της Αφρικής, ο γονότυπος “Asia 1” με στελέχη της Μέσης Ανατολής, ο “Asia 2” με στελέχη από την Κίνα, το Τατζικιστάν, το Καζακστάν, το Ουζμπεκιστάν, ο “Europe 1” με στελέχη από τα Βαλκάνια, τη Ρωσία και την Τουρκία, ο “Europe 2” που περιλαμβάνει ένα μόνο στέλεχος, το ελληνικό στέλεχος AP92 και ο γονότυπος “Europe 3” με στελέχη από τη Ρωσία. Στην Ελλάδα ανιχνεύθηκαν στελέχη που ανήκουν στους γονοτύπους “Europe 1” και “Europe 2”, τα οποία διαφέρουν σημαντικά στο γονιδίωμα και στη λοιμογόνο δύναμή τους. Η μόνη (και θανατηφόρα) περίπτωση CCHF στην Ελλάδα παρατηρήθηκε τον Ιούνιο του 2008 και το στέλεχος ανήκε στον γονότυπο “Europe 1” ενώ το στέλεχος AP92 που ανήκει στον γονότυπο “Europe 2” απομονώθηκε το 1975 από κρότωνες Rhipicephalus bursa στην Βεργίνα της Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας. Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η καταγραφή της διασποράς και συχνότητας των κροτώνων σε διάφορες περιοχές της Ελλάδας (ιδιαίτερα σε αυτές όπου είχαν πραγματοποιηθεί προηγουμένως οροεπιδημιολογικές μελέτες στον γενικό πληθυσμό), η χαρτογράφησή τους μέσω χρήσης συστημάτων γεωγραφικής και χωρικής ανάλυσης (GIS- SA), ο έλεγχος των κροτώνων για μόλυνση με τον CCHFV, καθώς και η γενετική και η φυλογενετική ανάλυση των στελεχών της μελέτης. Συγκεκριμένα, διεξήχθη μια εκτεταμένη μελέτη του πληθυσμού και της διασποράς των σκληρών κρότωνων (Ixodidae) σε τρεις διαδοχικές περιόδους (2012 - 2014) σε 309 κτηνοτροφικές μονάδες αιγών και προβάτων που βρίσκονται στην ηπειρωτική χώρα και σε πέντε νησιά της Ελλάδας. Συνολικά συλλέχθηκαν 2108 κρότωνες. Η ταυτοποίησή τους με ειδικές για αρθρόποδα διχοτομικές κλείδες ανέδειξε δύο είδη Rhipicephalus, δύο Ixodes, πέντε Hyalomma, τρία Haemaphysalis και ένα Dermacentor. Τα είδη με την ευρύτερη κατανομή ήταν τα Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) (64,8%), R. bursa (25,9%) και Dermacentor marginatus (4,1%), και ακολουθούσαν τα Ixodes ricinus, Ι. gibbosus, Haemaphysalis parva, Η. sulcata, Η. punctata, Hyalomma marginatum, Η. excavatum, Η. dromedarii, Η. rufipes και Η. impeltatum που όλα μαζί αντιπροσωπεύουν περίπου το 5,3% της συλλογής. Οι κρότωνες διαχωρίστηκαν σε 1290 ομάδες ανάλογα με το είδος, το φύλο, το ξενιστή, την ημερομηνία και την περιοχή συλλογής τους. Μετά από ομογενοποίηση, απομονώθηκε το ιικό RNA και εφαρμόστηκε αλυσιδωτή αντίδραση πολυμεράσης (RT-nested PCR) για την ανίχνευση του CCHFV. Ο ιός ανιχνεύθηκε σε 36 από τις 1290 (2,8%) ομάδες κροτώνων. Ειδικότερα, ανιχνεύθηκε σε 27 από τις 843 (3,2%) ομάδες κροτώνων του είδους R. sanguineus s.l. και σε 9 από τις 377 (2,4%) ομάδες του είδους R. bursa. Οι περιφέρειες με τα υψηλότερα ποσοστά ανίχνευσης του CCHFV ήταν η Κεντρική και Δυτική Μακεδονία (8,8%), η Κρήτη (6,2%) και η Πελοπόννησος (5,7%), ενώ στις Θεσσαλία, Θράκη και Ήπειρο τα ποσοστά ήταν 3,1%, 1,4% και 1,2% αντίστοιχα. Όλοι οι κρότωνες του είδους H. marginatum (που αποτελεί τον κύριο φορέα του CCHFV) ήταν αρνητικοί. Από την φυλογενετική ανάλυση των αλληλουχιών του ιού που ανιχνεύθηκαν σε 27 ομάδες κροτώνων φάνηκε η παρουσία των γονοτύπων “Europe 1” (19/27) και “Europe 2” (8/27). Ο γονότυπος “Europe 1” βρέθηκε κυρίως σε κρότωνες του είδους R. sanguineus s.l. (16/19), ενώ ο “Europe 2” σε κρότωνες του είδους R. bursa (6/8). Το γονιδίωμα του στελέχους CCHFV γονοτύπου “Europe 2” που ανιχνεύθηκε σε κρότωνες R. bursa διέφερε κατά 9,7% σε επίπεδο νουκλεοτιδίων από το πρότυπο στέλεχος AP92, το οποίο είχε απομονωθεί το 1975.Συμπερασματικά, η παρούσα μελέτη έδωσε μία πρώτη αποτύπωση σχετικά με τον πληθυσμό των κροτώνων στην ηπειρωτική χώρα και τα νησιά της Ελλάδας. Μέχρι σήμερα, δεν έχουν αναφερθεί κλινικές περιπτώσεις CCHF σε ανθρώπους (εκτός από μία περίπτωση το 2008 που οφειλόταν σε στέλεχος του γονοτύπου “Europe 1”). Η κυκλοφορία του CCHFV του γονοτύπου “Europe 2” σε περιοχές όπου ο οροεπιπολασμός είναι σχετικά υψηλός, σε συνδυασμό με την απουσία κλινικών περιστατικών, υποδηλώνει ότι αυτά τα στελέχη παρουσιάζουν αντιγονικότητα, αλλά έχουν μικρή η μηδαμινή λοιμογόνο δύναμη. Περαιτέρω μελέτες σε στελέχη του γονοτύπου “Europe 2” θα αυξήσουν τις γνώσεις μας σχετικά με το ρόλο αυτών των στελεχών τύπου ΑΡ92 στην επιδημιολογία του CCHF, οι οποίες θα μπορούσαν να είναι χρήσιμες για το σχεδιασμό φαρμάκων και εμβολίων. Όσον αφορά τον γονότυπο “Europe 1”, είναι πιθανό, οι κρότωνες του γένους Rhipicephalus να μην είναι ικανοί φορείς του ιού όπως είναι οι κρότωνες του γένους Hyalomma, οπότε θα απαιτηθούν περαιτέρω εργαστηριακές μελέτες για να διερευνηθεί ο ακριβής ρόλος τους στη συντήρηση και μετάδοση του CCHFV.


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