Monthly Variation and Ultraviolet Stability of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse Palmaria palmata in Japan

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are the natural ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing compounds from micro- and macro-algae. The MAAs in algae change with the environmental conditions and seasons. We previously determined an efficient extraction method of MAAs from red alga dulse in Usujiri (Hokkaido, Japan) and revealed monthly variation of MAA in 2019. Dulse samples in 2019 for MAA preparation were suitable from late February to April. In this study, to confirm the suitable timings to extract MAAs from Usujiri dulse, we also investigated the monthly (from January to May) variation of MAA content in 2020. There were the most MAAs in the sample on 18 March (6.696 µmol g−1 dry weight) among the samples from January to May 2020. From two years of investigation, we deduce that samples of Usujiri dulse from late February to early April were suitable for MAA preparation. The UV stability of the two major purified MAAs in Usujiri dulse—palythine and porphyra-334—was tested. The two MAAs and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone were stable for up to 12 h under a 312 nm lamp at 200 µW cm−2, but 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate formed a cis/trans-mixture in a short time. The data in this study show the suitable sampling period for Usujiri dulse and the possible application for UV protection from food and cosmetics.

Download Full-text

Efficient Extraction and Antioxidant Capacity of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids from Red Alga Dulse Palmaria palmata in Japan

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18100502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 502

Author(s):

Yuki Nishida ◽

Yuya Kumagai ◽

Shunta Michiba ◽

Hajime Yasui ◽

Hideki Kishimura

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Red Alga ◽

Alkaline Condition ◽

Palmaria Palmata ◽

Successive Extraction ◽

Efficient Extraction

Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are the ultraviolet (UV)-absorbable compounds, which are naturally produced by cyanobacteria and algae. Not only these algae but also marine organisms utilize MAAs to protect their DNA from UV-induced damage. On the other hand, the content of MAAs in algae was changed by the environmental condition and season. In addition to the UV-protected function, the antioxidant capacity of MAAs can apply to the cosmetic sunscreen materials and anti-cancer for human health. In this study, we developed the efficient extraction method of MAAs from red alga dulse in Usujiri (Hokkaido, Japan) and investigated the monthly variation. We also evaluated the antioxidant capacity. We employed the successive extraction method of water and then methanol extraction. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses revealed that the yield of MAAs by 6 h water extraction was the highest among the tested conditions, and the content of MAAs in the sample of February was the most (6.930 µmol g−1 dry weight) among the sample from January to May in 2019. Antioxidant capacity of MAAs such as crude MAAs, the purified palythine and porphyra-334 were determined by 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferrous reducing power assays in various pH conditions, showing that the highest scavenging activity and reducing power were found at alkaline condition (pH 8.0).

Download Full-text

Factors Controlling the Formation of UV-absorbing Mycosporine-like Amino Acids in the Marine Red Alga Palmaria palmata from Spitsbergen (Norway)

Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1016/s0176-1617(99)80124-2 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 155 (3) ◽

pp. 407-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Ulf Karsten ◽

Christian Wiencke

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Red Alga ◽

Palmaria Palmata

Download Full-text

Analysis of the Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid (MAA) Pattern of the Salt Marsh Red Alga Bostrychia scorpioides

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19060321 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 321

Author(s):

Maria Orfanoudaki ◽

Anja Hartmann ◽

Julia Mayr ◽

Félix L. Figueroa ◽

Julia Vega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

High Performance ◽

Red Alga ◽

Array Detector ◽

Diode Array ◽

Diode Array Detector ◽

The Past ◽

Specific Species

This study presents the validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for the determination of different mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the red alga Bostrychia scorpioides. The investigated MAAs, named bostrychines, have only been found in this specific species so far. The developed HPLC-DAD method was successfully applied for the quantification of the major MAAs in Bostrychia scorpioides extracts, collected from four different countries in Europe showing only minor differences between the investigated samples. In the past, several Bostrychia spp. have been reported to include cryptic species, and in some cases such as B. calliptera, B. simpliciuscula, and B. moritziana, the polyphyly was supported by differences in their MAA composition. The uniformity in the MAA composition of the investigated B. scorpioides samples is in agreement with the reported monophyly of this Bostrychia sp.

Download Full-text

Incorporation of alternative amino acids into cyanophycin by different cyanophycin synthetases heterologously expressed in Corynebacterium glutamicum

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-021-01217-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ramona Wördemann ◽

Lars Wiefel ◽

Volker F. Wendisch ◽

Alexander Steinbüchel

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Amino Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Lysine Content ◽

Polyaspartic Acid ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Cyanophycin Synthetase ◽

Potential Precursor

AbstractCyanophycin (multi-l-arginyl-poly-l-aspartic acid; also known as cyanophycin grana peptide [CGP]) is a biopolymer that could be used in various fields, for example, as a potential precursor for the synthesis of polyaspartic acid or for the production of CGP-derived dipeptides. To extend the applications of this polymer, it is therefore of interest to synthesize CGP with different compositions. A recent re-evaluation of the CGP synthesis in C. glutamicum has shown that C. glutamicum is a potentially interesting microorganism for CGP synthesis with a high content of alternative amino acids. This study shows that the amount of alternative amino acids can be increased by using mutants of C. glutamicum with altered amino acid biosynthesis. With the DM1729 mutant, the lysine content in the polymer could be increased up to 33.5 mol%. Furthermore, an ornithine content of up to 12.6 mol% was achieved with ORN2(Pgdh4). How much water-soluble or insoluble CGP is synthesized is strongly related to the used cyanophycin synthetase. CphADh synthesizes soluble CGP exclusively. However, soluble CGP could also be isolated from cells expressing CphA6308Δ1 or CphA6308Δ1_C595S in addition to insoluble CGP in all examined strains. The point mutation in CphA6308Δ1_C595S partially resulted in a higher lysine content. In addition, the CGP content could be increased to 36% of the cell dry weight under optimizing growth conditions in C. glutamicum ATCC13032. All known alternative major amino acids for CGP synthesis (lysine, ornithine, citrulline, and glutamic acid) could be incorporated into CGP in C. glutamicum.

Download Full-text

Meristem clusters in cortical layer of thallus cells of the cultured red alga Palmaria palmata

Russian Journal of Marine Biology ◽

10.1134/s1063074006060022 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 333-339

Author(s):

E. A. Titlyanov ◽

T. V. Titlyanova

Keyword(s):

Red Alga ◽

Cortical Layer ◽

Palmaria Palmata

Download Full-text

METHODS OF PROTEIN EXTRACTION FROM NEUROSPORA CRASSA

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m64-005 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. J. Stine ◽

W. N. Strickland ◽

R. W. Barratt

Keyword(s):

Glutamic Acid ◽

Neurospora Crassa ◽

Total Protein ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Protein Extraction ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Acid Dehydrogenase ◽

Total Enzyme

Nine methods for disrupting the mycelium of Neurospora crassa have been compared. Protein percentages are calculated per gram dry weight of mycelium. A TPN-specific glutamic acid dehydrogenase was extracted and the efficiency of each extraction method is given as total enzyme extracted and specific activity. In terms of total protein, total enzyme, and practicality of the method, the Hughes Press, the French Press and the Raper–Hyatt Press were found to be the most efficient. The advantages and limitations of each method are considered.

Download Full-text

Ultrastructural characterization of a pigment mutant of the red alga Palmaria palmata

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b84-153 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 1101-1107 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

C. M. Pueschel ◽

J. P. van der Meer

Keyword(s):

Red Alga ◽

Palmaria Palmata ◽

Wild Type ◽

Ultrastructural Examination ◽

Dark Treatment ◽

Prolamellar Bodies ◽

Ultrastructural Characterization ◽

Wild Type Control

Ultrastructural examination of a green-pigmented mutant of the red alga Palmaria palmata (L.) O. Kuntze revealed unusual features of the chloroplasts. Encircling peripheral thylakoids, characteristic of the wild-type plastids and florideophyte plastids generally, were lacking. Parallel evenly spaced thylakoids occurred in groups, leaving large volumes of thylakoid-free stroma. Irregularly shaped, electron-dense inclusions with an amorphous substructure and diameters up to 3 μm occurred in some plastids. Cells of the sporeling holdfasts contained structures resembling prolamellar bodies. Attempts to induce formation of prolamellar bodies in blades by dark treatment for 5 weeks were unsuccessful. However, some plastids did develop highly corrugated thylakoids with the crests of one thylakoid apposed to the troughs of the adjacent thylakoid. Thylakoid morphology of the wild-type control was not altered by the absence of light.

Download Full-text

Coumarin Content and Physicochemical Profile of Mikania laevigata Extracts

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2004-3-412 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 59 (3-4) ◽

pp. 197-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Maique W. Biavatti ◽

Cesar A. Koerich ◽

Carlos H. Henck ◽

Enderson Zucatelli ◽

Fernanda H. Martineli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Efficient Method ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Weight Density ◽

Ethanol Content ◽

Mikania Laevigata ◽

Method Of Extraction

The ‘guaco’ lianous herb Mikania laevigata, which is widespread in Southern Brazil, is traditionally used to treat bronchitis, asthma and cough. This work investigates the influence of the extraction method, solvent:drug ratio, ethanol proportion, harvest season (summer or winter) and solvent heating on the physicochemical profile of the extracts (dry weight, density, pH) and the coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) content determined by LC. Among the results obtained, it is observed that higher ethanol content increases the amount of coumarin in the extract. Leaves harvested in summer also produce an extract with a high coumarin yield. The most efficient method of extraction is percolation, independent of the solvent used.

Download Full-text