Flow-through electrochemistry in the analysis of wine

Flow through coulometry is used for analysis of wine samples for the determination of some heavy metals, sulphites, acidity and ethanol content. Low concentrations of heavy metals and sulphite contents are determined by making use of stripping chronopotentiometry. For the measurement of acid and ethanol content thin-layer coulometric titration is used.

A Rapid Method for the determination of Dehydrated alcohol (Ethanol) content in Clobetasol propionate foam by Non-polar Capillary Gas chromatography

Clobeatsol propionate foam is a topical class 1 corticosteroid used to treat itching and inflammatory arthritis on the skin occurred by allergic reactions, psoriasis and eczema. In the pharmaceutical aerosol products, Dehydrated alcohol (Ethanol) is the primary ingredient and its concentration level in the formulation composition plays a significant role in the regulation of aerosol rate, droplet shape and particle size. It can also act as solubilizer for active pharmaceutical ingredient, topical disinfectant and skin permeation enhancer. Hence accurate assay of Ethanol is a crucial quality control component. A simple and rapid gas chromatography method was developed to quantify Ethanol content in Clobetasol propionate foam drug product using fused silica glass tube non-polar capillary column (HP-5, 30 m, 0.53 mm, 1.5 µm). Ethanol in the sample was diluted with methanol after adding suitable amount of internal standard, the isopropyl alcohol solution.The developed method is precise, linear and accurate in the range of 5 mg/mL to 15 mg/mL of nominal concentration of ethanol i.e. 10 mg/mL . The presented method has an advantage of a very quick gas chromatographic separation (less than 16 min) and therefore is highly suitable for in-process and stability analysis of Ethanol content in Clobetasol propionate foam drug product.

Impact of Bio-Ethanol, Bio-ETBE Addition on the Volatility of Gasoline with Oxygen Content at the Level of E10

This study examines the impact of the addition of bio-ethanol/bio-ETBE on the main volatility properties of gasoline. Although several studies have been published on the addition of ethanol or ETBE to gasoline, the simultaneous addition of these oxygenates has not been studied by taking the maximum oxygen content of 3.7% m/m into account. The EN 228:2012-A1:2017 standard specifies the requirements for marketed unleaded gasoline. This standard is able to determine, among other things, a gasoline type with a maximum oxygen content of 3.7% m/m and sets the maximum limits for ethanol content at 10% v/v and 22% v/v for ethers with a minimum five carbon atoms, such as ΕΤΒΕ. Five refinery fractions were mixed in various proportions and were used as base fuels. A total of 30 samples were prepared by blending the base fuels with bio-ethanol/bio-ETBE. In each of these base fuels, bio-ethanol was added in concentrations up to 10% v/v. Subsequently, bio-ETBE was added to each of these fuels in concentrations up to 20.8% v/v for use as a stabilizer. All of the samples were examined using the EN ISO 13016-1 and EN ISO 3405 test methods while considering the volatility requirements set by EN 228. The results showed that the addition of bio-ETBE has a beneficial effect on the volatility characteristics of the samples, as it reduces the vapor pressure of the final blend and sets all fuels in compliance with the required specification limits set by the EN 228 standard.

Isolation and selection of yeasts from soursop Annona muricata for wine fermentation

Wine is a healthy drink and is becoming more diverse thanks to the substances with high biological activity and fully preserved the antioxidant capacity in the fruit after fermentation by yeast. This study aims to isolate yeasts that are capable of soursop fermentation. There were eight yeast strains isolated, in which five strains of yeasts NM1.1, NM1.2, NM2.1, NM3.1, NM3.2 are capable of fermenting soursop wine. Wine product after fermentation using strain NM1.1 with initial conditions of 22ºBrix, pH 4.5, supplemented yeast 1% (w/v) at room temperature (28-30ºC), in twelve-day, produced the ethanol content 10% v/v, methanol 1.304 g/l, and SO2 10.9 mg/l that meet Vietnamese standards (QCVN 6-3:2010/BYT).

Characteristics of Bioethanol from Musa Salaccensis ZOLL

The high increase in energy use causes renewable energy solutions such as wind energy, geothermal energy, biomass and others. Biomass is one solution for Indonesia to obtain energy, because Indonesia has the potential for biomass, both biodiesel and bioethanol. The biomass to be studied is Bioethanol. Forest banana is a type of wild plant that grows in the forests of North Kalimantan and is not consumed by residents because there are many seeds in the banana. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of bioethanol from forest bananas. The stages of the research method that will be carried out include several stages, namely 1) making bioethanol, 2) measuring ethanol content, and 3) testing the characteristics of bioethanol. The stages of bioethanol testing carried out characteristic tests including: 1) Ethanol Content Analysis, 2) Moisture Content Analysis, 3) Density Analysis, 4) Specific Gravity and API Gravity Analysis, 5) Calorific Value Analysis. Based on the research results obtained, the quality of the bioethanol produced has a density value and specific gravity in accordance with the bioethanol quality standard, which is 0.46. The calorific value which has a close relationship with API Gravity is close to the maximum value in the bioethanol quality standard, which is 3702.30 kcal/kg. The value of ethanol content and water content still does not meet the quality standards, namely 24.8% and 86%. This is due to the lack of distillation process in this study.

Determinação do teor de etanol na gasolina comercializada em postos de combustíveis do município de Picos-PI / Determination of ethanol content in gasoline marketed in fuel stations in the municipality of Picos-PI

A gasolina automotiva é o combustível mais consumido no mundo, contudo, no Brasil, sua qualidade tem sido constante objeto de questionamento, principalmente no estado do Piauí. Uma análise realizada em 713 postos do estado do Piauí, em dezembro de 2011, pela Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP), revelou que 15,7% das amostras analisadas estavam adulteradas, representando um risco para o consumidor. O estado perdeu apenas para o Mato Grosso, que apresentou percentual de 17,4% de adulteração. Já no ano de 2012 o Piauí foi considerado o segundo pior estado do país em qualidade da gasolina comercializada aos seus consumidores. Diante do exposto esse trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a qualidade da gasolina comum e aditivada comercializada nos postos de combustíveis da cidade de Picos-PI. Foram coletadas amostras comercializadas em cinco postos de combustíveis localizados nos bairros Ipueiras, Bomba, Centro, Junco e Morrinhos. As análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Pesquisa do IFPI- Campus Picos, onde foram analisadas quanto às características de aspecto e cor e teor de etanol anidro combustível na gasolina. As amostras de gasolina comum e aditivada analisadas apresentaram aspecto límpido e livre de impurezas. Observaram-se as cores laranja ou amarelo para gasolina comum e verde para gasolina aditivada, estando esses resultados dentro das especificações estabelecidas pela ANP. O teste do teor de etanol anidro revelou que dois postos apresentaram um teor de 27% de álcool etílico anidro combustível para as gasolinas comum e aditivada, e os demais postos um teor de 25%. Os valores encontrados estão de acordo com a legislação vigente, uma vez que não ultrapassam o valor de 27% de álcool etílico anidro, logo as gasolinas analisadas não estão adulteradas.

Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 concentration and fermentation time on bioethanol content from corn stover crude cellulose substrate

Corn stover is a waste from the corn plant that dried in the fields after the corn cobs were harvested. From many corn wastes produced, there is very little utilization to corn stover. Delignified corn stover contains 65.46% cellulose, 14.58% hemicellulose, and 8.66% lignin. Lignocellulosic biomass is very difficult to biotransform, therefore it must be delignified to break the bonds between cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Then the cellulose is converted into sugars by saccharification using crude cellulose enzymes so it can be converted into bioethanol through a fermentation process using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method. This study aims to determine the concentration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 and the optimum fermentation time in order to obtain high content of bioethanol from corn stover. Bioethanol production at different concentrations of S. cerevisiae and fermentation time uses a factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was the concentration of S. cerevisiae which consisted of 3 levels, namely 3%, 5%, and 7% (v/v). The second factor was the fermentation time which consists of 4 levels, namely 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours. Observed variables included pH value, total dissolved solids, reducing sugar content, and ethanol content. The data obtained were analyzed for its diversity using analysis of variants (ANOVA) and continued with the HSD Tukey. The results showed that the concentration of S. cerevisiae 7% (v/v) and a fermentation time of 96 hours was the best treatment to obtain a maximum ethanol content of 7.53 ± 0.330 g/L, with a final pH value of 4.25 ± 0.07, total dissolved solids 2.9 ± 0.14 °Bx and reducing sugar content of 0.334 ± 0.03 g/L. Increasing the concentration of S. cerevisiae and fermentation time can increase the ethanol content.

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Ethanol Extracts of Propolis Samples Using Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm

In this study, the optimum values of propolis ethanol extracts parameters were determined with the use of single and multi-objective optimization procedures. The euclidean distance approach was used in the multi-objective optimization process. Firstly, propolis was extracted using water with ethanol contents 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80% for 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Then, total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activities of all extracts were determined. With the obtained data a prediction model was produced with the use of artificial neural networks (ANN), and optimization was performed using a moth-flame (MFO) algorithm. The best prediction models for the TPC and FRAP were observed in 2-5-1 and 2-5-1 network architecture with the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, 5.126 and 2.451%, respectively. For maximum TPC, the extraction parameters were determined as ethanol content 57.50% and extraction time 13.56 h. To maximize FRAP, the optimized extraction parameters were ethanol content 72.03% and extraction time 18.04 h. The optimum extraction conditions for both maximum values of the studied assays were ethanol content 70.03% and extraction time 16.93 h. The study concluded that the integrated ANN and MFO algorithm system can be used in single and multi-objective optimization of extraction parameters. The established optimization model can save time, money, labor and energy.

Quantifying ethanol in ethanol-based hand sanitizers by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID)

Background The COVID-19 pandemic sharply increased the demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers, leading to a shortage of these products. Consequently, regulatory health agencies worldwide have altered their regulatory guidelines, on ethanol quality, to meet this high demand, raising concern about the products quality. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify ethanol content and to qualitatively assess common impurities in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers by headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (HS-GC/FID). Methods To quantify the ethanol content, 0.10 g of the sample was weighed in a 20 mL headspace vial and 5 mL of deionized water was added. Regarding the qualitative approach, 0.25 g of the sample was weighed and 4 mL of deionized water and was added. The samples were incubated, and then 400 µL of the headspace was injected into the GC/FID. Forty-eight products purchased in Brazil were analyzed. Results Thirteen products presented at least one nonconformity regarding the ethanol quantity. Two samples presented an average ethanol concentration below the lower limit considered effective. Twelve samples presented acetaldehyde or ethyl acetate. Conclusion The huge demand for ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers may have impacted their quality. Because concern with proper hand hygiene tends to remain an issue for a long period, more studies about quality control of hand sanitizers will be needed. Highlights A simple and fast HS-GC/FID method to quantify ethanol in ethanol-based gel hand sanitizers was developed, validated and applied to commercial samples in Brazil. The regulatory authorities must be more vigilant to ensure that the commercially available products meet the recommended specifications.