“Green technology” processing of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) wood greenery to produce bioactive extracts

In order to explore the extractives of conifers an effective and environmentally friendly method of extraction with aqueous-alkaline solution allowing to isolate up to 10.4% of extractive substances (ES) from pine wood greenery and up to 6.9% from larch wood greenery was investigated. The component fractional composition of aqueous-alkaline extracts was studied. The antioxidant fraction activity of neutral and acidic components isolated from the produced extracts was evaluated. It was found that these fractions have a high antioxidant activity, where the activity of larch extract components was higher than that of the respective components of pine extract. Due to their rich chemical composition and high biological activity, extracts of pine and larch wood greenery produced by aqueous-alkaline extraction have good application prospects as biologically active preparations.

Analysis of the chemical composition and technological process of processing ash and slag waste from chpp

This article studies sorption method of extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from ash and slag waste of Novo- Angren TPP. In this regard, the possibility of extracting REE from acidic solutions on the Purolite C100-H cation exchanger was investigated in the example of one of the REEs, lanthanum. Furthermore, dependence of the sorption of lanthanum on Purolite C-100N cation exchanger on pH of solution and dependence of the sorption of lanthanum on the Purolite C-100H cation exchanger on the concentration of the equilibrium solution were studied. In addition, lanthanum sorption was calculated from the difference in concentrations in the initial and equilibrium solutions.

Proximate and antinutritional assessments of stingrays

Stingrays are one of the marine fishes that inhabit the shallow part of the ocean. They are well known to the locals as cuisine and its parts as accessories for items such as handbags, belts, and decorations. Stingrays of species Himantura undulata and Maculabatis gerrardi are commonly caught by fishermen of Sarawak, but most of its nutritional and antinutritional factors both species are unknown. This study focused on the analysis of some proximate composition such as moisture, ash, and lipid content. Analysis of total organic matter was done as well. The stingrays were obtained from local fish market in Kuching, Sarawak. The method used for moisture (wet basis), ash, and total organic matter is of AOAC (method 930.15), while crude lipid content was based on the Chedoloh method of extraction. The study revealed that H. undulata and M. gerrardi are nutritious in terms of moisture, ash, and lipid content to be 78.44 and 80.74% (dry basis), 0.48 and 1.37%, 2.46 and 7.74% respectively.

A Review on Extraction Processes of Salts from Different Salt Lakes and their Environmental Impact in Industry

Because of its direct and indirect penetration into numerous chemical industries, salt, also known as sodium chloride or halite, is one of the most frequent forms of salts in industrial applications. Evaporation is a typical method of extracting this chemical all around the world. Halite is also a low-cost material because it is found in concave rocks along the coast or in lakes, where saltwater is confined and subjected to evaporation, which concentrates the components in the water and deposits salt, generally by sun evaporation. Several functions of human consumption, salt manufacturing is incredibly significant. Salt is also regarded as one of the essential elements in the extraction of riches throughout history, such as oil extraction in contemporary times, as salt began to be utilized as a food additive, and thus its economic worth emerged. This is because it is common in the all-terrain and has vast origins. It is one of the five essential chemicals that make up the backbone of chemical manufacturing, alongside petroleum. It contributes significantly to the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, as well as being consumed by animals and humans. This study aims to describe the method of extraction of salt and its relationship to the environmental aspects so that it gives the reader a comprehensive analysis of all the problems that are related to the extraction process and what are the appropriate methods to deal with the problems associated with the extraction processes and give glimpses of the direct impact on the environment.

Essential oils as natural additives in dry-fermented sausages

The usage of food additives is one of the key methods for inhibiting microorganisms’ growth and delaying oxidative changes in dry-fermented sausages (DFS). However, they have numerous negative health effects, so the novel meat industry is oriented towards different natural alternatives while focusing on plant extracts, including essential oils (EOs). EOs are interesting since they are generally recognized as safe (marked as GRAS) and have a broad acceptance from the consumers. Their activity depends on numerous parameters including the method of extraction, concentrations and possible synergistic effects of their bioactive compounds. Various conventional (hydrodistillation and organic solvent extraction) and novel (microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted and supercritical fluid extraction) extraction techniques are being applied for EO recovery, and optimization of these process is an essential step towards cost-effective production of high-quality extracts. Generally, it can be concluded that EOs are added into DFS to delay or prevent lipid oxidation, retard microorganisms’ growth, improve colour stability and extend the shelf-life.

ظاہریہ کےاستنباطی اصولوں کاتجزیاتی مطالعہ

Out of the non-existent jurisprudential approach, Zāhiriya has an important place due to its intellectual heritage. Particularly, Ibn-e-Ḥazm’s book Al’Muḥallā and Al-Iḥkām have the special weightage in this regard. This article is basically an analytical study of the basic principles of Zāhiri jurisprudence like Qurān, Sunnah and Ijmā’ with some sub-sources like Dalīl and Istiṣḥābul Ḥāl, which have been presented in the context of these books. In this study, an attempt has been made to find an answer to the question, what role can the inferential principles of non-existent jurisprudential religions, like Zāhiriya, play in modern times, and to what extent can they be helpful in the formation of jurisprudence? The analytical style adopted in this article. The method of extraction of rulings has been clarified after the statement of fact and importance. The purpose of this study is to clarify their usefulness and applicability in postmodern times. This research concludes that Ibn-e-Ḥazm has a prominent role in jurisprudence and its principles which needs to be openly acknowledged. These principles are not only important in the formation of jurisprudential equivalents, but they can also play a role in some modern issues as the comprehensive solution to the problem of public welfare can be seen in his books.

Intensification of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves

The aim. To determine the intensified method of extraction of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves and optimal conditions for the process. Materials and methods. In order to develop the optimal intensified method of extraction samples were prepared in different conditions of raw materials-extractant ratio, temperature, time and multiplicity. As a raw materials spectrophotometrically pre-standardized Acorus calamus leaves were used. The extraction was carried out in a hermetically sealed ultrasonic extraction reactor PEX 1 (REUS, Contes, France). As the criteria of extraction efficiency were indicators of dry residue and total amount of flavonoids determined using methods described in State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The amount of flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically on a certified device Specord 200 (Analytik Jena, Germany). Results. According to our research results it was found that ultrasonic action and addition of surfactant significantly improves the efficiency of the extraction process. The optimal conditions for the process were determined. Experimentally proved that the rational raw material-extractant ratio is 1:15. Comparative study of the extraction process with different temperatures showed that the highest amount of extractives is achieved at temperature 70 °C and 45 min of duration. The optimal extraction multiplicity is 3. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the intensified extraction method for Acorus calamus leaves – re-maceration with ultrasound – was established. The conducted researches allowed to develop the method of extraction, expedient in the conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry.

A robust method of extraction and GC-MS analysis of Monophenols exhibited UV-B mediated accumulation in Arabidopsis

Studies on specialised metabolites like phenolics are of immense interest owing to their significance to agriculture, nutrition and health. In plants, phenolics accumulate and exhibits spatial and temporal regulations in response to growth conditions. Robust methodologies aimed at efficient extraction of plant phenolics, their qualitative and quantitative analysis is desired. We optimised the analytical and experimental bottlenecks that captured free, ester, glycoside and wall-bound phenolics after acid or alkali treatments of the tissue extracts and subsequent GC-MS analysis. Higher recovery of phenolics from the methanolic extracts was achieved by through a) Ultrasonication assisted extraction along with Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) enrichment b) nitrogen gas drying and c) their derivatisation using MSTFA for GC-MS analysis. The optimised protocol was tested on Arabidopsis rosette exposed to UV-B radiation (280-315 nm) which triggered enhanced levels of 11 monophenols and might be attributed to photoprotection and other physiological roles. Interestingly, coumaric acid (308 m/z) and caffeic acid (396 m/z) levels were enhanced by 12-14 folds under UV-B. Other phenolics such as cinnamic acid (220 m/z), hydroxybenzoic acid (282 m/z), vanillic acid (312 m/z, gallic acid (458 m/z), ferulic acid (338 m/z), benzoic acid (194 m/z), hydroxycinnamic acid (368 m/z) and protocatechuic acid (370 m/z) also showed elevated levels by about 1 to 4 folds. Notably, vanillin (253 m/z) was detected only in the UV-B exposed tissues. The protocol also comprehensively captured the variations in the levels of ester, glycoside and wall-bounded phenolics with high reproducibility and sensitivity. The robust method of extraction and GC-MS analysis can readily be adopted for studying phenolics in plant systems.

PENGARUH METODE EKSTRAKSI DAN POLARITAS PELARUT TERHADAP KADAR FENOLIK TOTAL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L)

ABSTRACTThe method of extraction and the type of solvent used during extraction will influence effectiveness of the extraction and compound extracted. The aim of this research was determined the effect of extraction methode and solvent polarity on total phenolic content of cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L). Extraction of cherry leaves used maceration and soxhelation methods with ethanol and chloroform as solvents. The total phenolic contain was determined by visible spechtrophotometer at 765 nm. It has been showed that the soxhletation method was a higher yield value than the maceration methods with the highest yield value showed by ethanol extract, it was 13,29% w/w. Otherwise maceration method showed a higher total phenolic contain with the highest total phenolic contain showed by ethanol extract, it was 10,70% GAE.