scholarly journals Relationship between Vessel Formation and Seasonal Changes in Leaf Area of Evergreen and Deciduous Species with Different Vessel Arrangements

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Sayaka Takahashi ◽  
Erina Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Life Strategies ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Diffuse Porous

To discuss the diversity of morphological traits and life strategies of trees, the functional relationship between leaf expansion and vessel formation must be clarified. We compared the temporal relationship among tree species with different leaf habits and vessel arrangements. Twigs, leaves, and trunk core samples were periodically acquired from 35 sample trees of nine species in a temperate forest in Japan. We quantitatively estimated leaf expansion using a nonlinear regression model and observed thin sections of twigs and trunks with a light microscope. Almost all of the first-formed vessels in twigs, which formed adjacent to the annual ring border, were lignified with a leaf area between 0% and 70% of the maximum in all species. The first-formed vessels in trunks lignified between 0% and 95% of the maximum leaf area in ring-porous deciduous Quercus serrata and ring-(radial-)porous evergreen Castanopsis cuspidate. Their lignification occurred earlier than in diffuse-porous deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua, diffuse-porous evergreen Cinnamomum camphora and Symplocos prunifolia, and radial-porous evergreen Quercus glauca and Quercus myrsinifolia. The timing varied in semi-ring-porous deciduous Acanthopanax sciadophylloides and diffuse-porous evergreen Ilex pedunculosa. The observed differences in the timing of vessel formation after leaf appearance were reflected in their differing vessel porosities and were connected to the different life strategies among tree species.

scholarly journals Timing of vessel formation in twigs and trunks in relation to porosity and leaf flushing

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayaka Takahashi ◽  
Erina Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Leaf Flushing ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Weak Tendency ◽  
Diffuse Porous

In order to understand the coordination of leaf phenology and functional xylem anatomy, the timing of vessel wall lignification in twigs and stems in relation to leaf appearance was studied in nine species with different porosity patterns. Cylindrical stem cores and twigs were collected from early spring through late summer from deciduous (Quercus serrata, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Acanthopanax sciadophylloides), and evergreen (Castanopsis cuspidata; Cinnamomum camphora, Ilex pedunculosa, Symplocos prunifolia, Quercus glauca and Quercus myrsinifolia) species in a temperate forest. The first-formed twig vessels lignified at the time of leaf appearance or before in all species. The timing of stem vessel lignification in relation to leaf appearance in semi-ringporous deciduous species was overlapping with that of ring-porous deciduous species and diffuse-porous deciduous species. Evergreen species showed a great variation in the timing of stem vessel lignification, relative to leaf flushing. The main conclusions are that 1) Vessel lignification occurs much earlier in twigs than in trunks of the same trees, with hardly any overlap between the two; 2) Deciduous trees do not differ much from evergreen species, but there is a weak tendency for evergreen species to have later vessel differentiation than deciduous species; 3) The timing of vessel formation shows little relation with porosity patterns and overlaps between diffuse-porous and ring-porous species. This suggests a much greater intergradation of timing of vessel formation in species of different porosity pattern in evergreen and deciduous species than recognized in the literature.

Phenological Comparison of the Onset of Vessel Formation Between Ring-Porous and Diffuse-Porous Deciduous Trees in a Japanese Temperate Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Suzuki ◽  
Kiyotsugu Yoda ◽  
Hitoshi Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Secondary Wall Deposition ◽  
Diffuse Porous

Initiation of vessel formation and vessel maturation indicated by secondary wall deposition have been compared in eleven deciduous broadleaved tree species. In ring-porous species the first vessel element formation in the current growth ring was initiated two to six weeks prior to the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition on the vessel elements was completed from one week before to three weeks after leaf expansion. In diffuse-porous species, the first vessel element formation was initiated two to seven weeks after the onset of leaf expansion, and secondary wall deposition was completed four to nine weeks after leaf expansion. These results suggest that early maturation of the first vessel elements in the ring-porous species will serve for water conduction in early spring. On the contrary, the late maturation of the first vessel elements in the diffuse-porous species indicates that no new functional vessels exist at the time of the leaf expansion.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 3. Appearance and expansion growth of leaves of spinach

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Main Factor

In a series of greenhouse and field trials, spinach cv. Trias plants were supplied with different amounts of N fertilizer in various split applications. Rates of leaf emergence and expansion were recorded, as well as final leaf size. The rate of leaf appearance varied between 0.16 and 0.57/day across experiments, but was hardly affected by N treatment. The rate of leaf expansion and mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values at leaf pair 3+4 or 5+6 and decreasing subsequently. Both characteristics were positively correlated with N supply. The duration of expansion was not influenced by N treatments and varied between 15 and 30 days in most experiments. The rate of leaf expansion was the main factor determining mature leaf size. Specific leaf area over all green leaves slowly decreased with time in most experiments and was around 300 cmsuperscript 2/g. As the differences in the number of leaves were small, the differences in total green leaf area per plant resulted from differences in the areas of individual mature leaves.

Appearance time, expansion rate and expansion duration for leaves of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Stewart ◽  
L. M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Appearance Time ◽  
Time Expansion ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Date of appearance and expansion duration of leaves are critical parameters for calculating leaf area of a canopy, which is, in turn, an important component of growth. In this study, a three-line function and a logistic function were both fitted to normalized leaf area data of individual leaves from field-grown plants. Algorithms were developed relating leaf appearance time, expansion rate and expansion duration to growing degree days (GDD) from emergence. Leaf appearance time was a nonlinear function of leaf number. Both leaf expansion rate (RN) and leaf expansion duration (LN) were bell-shaped functions of leaf number (N) with RN skewed toward a lower value and LN skewed toward a higher value of N. These algorithms were used to develop a model of leaf area development detailed in a companion paper. Key words: Temperature, water stress, leaf area

Difference in response of water use to evaporative demand for codominant diffuse-porous versus ring-porous tree species under N addition in a temperate forest

Ecohydrology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. e1829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Ouyang ◽  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Liwei Zhu ◽  
Zhenzhen Zhang ◽  
Xiuhua Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Diffuse Porous

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 2. Appearance, expansion growth and life span of leaves of leek plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance

In greenhouse pot experiments and field trials, leek cv. Albana plants were supplied with different amounts of N fertilizer at various growth stages. Leaf emergence, expansion, size and senescence were monitored. The rate of leaf appearance was not affected by N treatments and almost constant across experiments at 0.15/day. The rate of leaf expansion and the mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values between leaf numbers 11 and 14 and decreasing with higher leaf numbers. Both variables increased with increasing N application rate. The duration of leaf expansion was more or less constant across leaf numbers and not influenced by N treatments; the leaf expansion rate was the main factor determining mature leaf area. The rate of leaf senescence was not influenced by N treatments. Differences in total green leaf area per plant were caused by differences in the area of individual mature leaves and not by differences in the number of leaves. The specific leaf area of all leaves was more or less constant at 100 cmsuperscript 2/g.

scholarly journals Relationship between vessel porosity and leaf emergence pattern in ring- and diffuse-porous deciduous trees in a temperate hardwood forest

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayaka Takahashi ◽  
Naoki Okada ◽  
Tadashi Nobuchi
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Emergence Pattern ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Diffuse Porous

To elucidate the functional relationship between intra-annual variations in vessel diameter and leaf emergence pattern of ring-porous and diffuse-porous deciduous trees in temperate forests, we determined the temporal relationships between leaf phenology and vessel formation. Cylindrical stem cores were periodically collected from each of five ring- and diffuse-porous species, and the leaf and vessel formation were observed simultaneously. In the ring-porous species, vessel formation began within 2 weeks of leaf appearance, and most wide vessels were formed within 2 weeks of full leaf expansion. More of the trees with intermediate-type formed medium-sized vessels or sparse wide vessels than trees with the flush-type leaf emergence, especially between full leaf expansion and the end of shoot elongation. Narrow vessel formation began 2–8 weeks after full leaf expansion in all specimens. The transition between the pore- and non-pore zones was abrupt in the flush-type species, and gradual in the intermediate-type species. In contrast, diffuse-porous species formed vessels 0–8 weeks after full leaf expansion. Our findings suggest that ring-porous species form leaves and vessels synchronously to accommodate water-transport requirements, whereas diffuse-porous species form these tissues asynchronously; thus, unlike the latter type, the former species change vessel diameters according to leaf formation.

scholarly journals El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the water relations of tree species in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Palomo-Kumul ◽  
Mirna Valdez-Hernández ◽  
Gerald A. Islebe ◽  
Manuel J. Cach-Pérez ◽  
José Luis Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests ◽  
Dry Tropical Forests

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of ENSO 2015/16 on the water relations of eight tree species in seasonally dry tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The functional traits: wood density, relative water content in wood, xylem water potential and specific leaf area were recorded during the rainy season and compared in three consecutive years: 2015 (pre-ENSO conditions), 2016 (ENSO conditions) and 2017 (post-ENSO conditions). We analyzed tree size on the capacity to respond to water deficit, considering young and mature trees, and if this response is distinctive in species with different leaf patterns in seasonally dry tropical forests distributed along a precipitation gradient (700–1200 mm year−1). These traits showed a strong decrease in all species in response to water stress in 2016, mainly in the driest site. Deciduous species had lower wood density, higher predawn water potential and higher specific leaf area than evergreen species. In all cases, mature trees were more tolerant to drought. In the driest site, there was a significant reduction in water status, regardless of their leaf phenology, indicating that seasonally dry tropical forests are highly vulnerable to ENSO. Vulnerability of deciduous species is intensified in the driest areas and in the youngest trees.

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