In vitro Regeneration of Picralima nitida (Stapf). T. Durand & H. using Zygotic Embryo

Disinfected mature seed embryos of Picralima nitida, were cultured in MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-D, BAP and NAA to determine an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation. Nine culture media made of combination of different components were used in a factorial design with three replications. Results showed up to 80 ± 4% disinfection rate with combination of triton x- 100 (0.2%) and sodium hypochlorite (30%). Embryo germination was highest on control medium. Rooting was higher (2±1 roots per embryo) after 4 weeks on control medium and on BAP supplemented medium at 0.8 μM while the longest root (1.5±0.5 cm) was observed on 2,4-D supplemented medium at 1.8 μM. Black soil was suitable for leaf formation (4 ± 2 leaves) and shoot elongation (2±1 cm) after 8 weeks in acclimatisation. These results show efficient disinfection, regeneration and acclimatisation of Picralima nitida. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 31(2): 143-151, 2021 (December)

Response of black mulberry onto white mulberry rootstock to stenting (cutting-grafting) techniques and IBA concentrations

Ornamental black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) is used in landscape. Ornamental black mulberry which has high shade, tolerates air pollution and wind. White mulberry (Morus alba L.) is proper for kind of soils conditions. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of stenting methods and IBA levels on some characters of black mulberry scions onto white mulberry rootstock for the first time. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out as factorial in completely randomized design with 10 replications. Two factors were including two stenting method (splice and omega) and three levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (0, 500 and 1000 mg L-1). Three months after grafting, percentage of rootstock callus formation, percentage of rooting, percentage of leaf formation, number of leaf formation, the longest shoot and the longest root formation were measured. Results showed that the effect of stenting method was significant on all of evaluated parameters and splice method was superior to omega method. Also, the effects of different levels of IBA were significant on all of measured traits and they are increased by increasing the levels of IBA and the best was with 1000 mg L-1. The interaction effects of these factors are significant on all of measured characteristics except for percentage of rootstock callus formation and rooting percentage. In conclusion, the stenting via splice method had higher success in comparison with omega method and the morphological traits increased by increasing the application of higher levels of IBA. The application of stenting method by splice plus 1000 mg L-1 IBA which was carried out for the first time is recommended for reproduction of ornamental black mulberry onto white mulberry.

Rice leaves undergo a rapid metabolic reconfiguration during a specific stage of primordium development

Leaf development is crucial to establish the photosynthetic competency of plants. It is a process that requires coordinated changes in cell number, cell differentiation, transcriptomes, metabolomes and physiology. However, despite the importance of leaf formation for our major crops, early developmental processes for rice have not been comprehensively described. Here we detail the temporal developmental trajectory of early rice leaf development and connect morphological changes to metabolism. In particular, a developmental index based on the patterning of epidermal differentiation visualised by electron microscopy enabled high resolution staging of early growth for single primordium metabolite profiling. These data demonstrate that a switch in the constellation of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites defines a narrow window towards the end of the P3 stage of leaf development. Taken in the context of other data in the literature, our results substantiate that this phase of rice leaf growth, equivalent to a change of primordium length from around 5 to 7.5 mm, defines a major shift in rice leaf determination towards a photosynthetically defined structure. We speculate that efforts to engineer rice leaf structure should focus on the developmental window prior to these determining events.

Metal Akümülatör Bitki olan Brassica nigra L.’nin in vitro Kallus İndüksiyonu ve Sürgün Gelişimi

This study established an efficient in vitro callus formation and plant regeneration protocol for a prevıously reported Cu accumulator, Brassica nigra, black mustard collected from Diyarbakir (Station site). Node explants from 10-day old mature plants were used for callus formation and shoot regeneration. The highest callus formation frequency (100%) was observed on Murasige Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.1 mg/L Benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.5 mg/L Naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (MS 2), 0.6 mg/L BAP + 0.2 mg/L NAA (MS 7), the highest shoot regeneration frequency (100%) was achieved on MS medium containing 0.6 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L Indole butyric acid (IBA) (MS 8), 0.2 mg/L IBA + 0.2 mg/L NAA (MS 10) and the highest number of shoots per explant (3,25) was obtained on MS medium supplemented 0.6 mg/L BAP + 0.05 mg/L IBA (MS 8). After root, stem, and leaf formation from explants in MS medium, these plants were transferred to soil and grown in the plant growth room for one month. A dependable and effective shoot regeneration procedure was developed, laying the groundwork for genetic transformation in Brassica nigra.

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM AND ZINC ENHANCES THE PRODUCTIVITY AND VOLATILE OIL CONTENT OF DAMASK ROSE (Rosa damascena Miller var. trigintipetala Dieck)

Potassium (K) levels are decreasing worldwide in agricultural soils, and K deficiency is becoming a major issue. Study on damask rose response to K application is scarce. Furthermore, despite its importance in the cell division, photosynthesis and protein synthesis, there is a lack of published reports on plant responses to zinc (Zn) application. Further research is required to understand the damask rose's response to both elements. This study investigated the effects of K and Zn foliar application on the vegetative growth, flower yield, and volatile oil content and composition of damask rose. K and Zn nutrition was applied either individually or combined as K2SO4 and ZnSO4 at 0.5 or 1.0%. Foliar application of K2SO4 and ZnSO4 was applied with a manual pump four times in each growing season, the first at the beginning of stem elongation and leaf formation, and then at two-weekly intervals. Results showed that K and/or Zn treatments significantly improved the growth characters, flower yield, relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, and essential oil content and composition such as linalool, nerol, citronellol, geraniol, and nonadecane. The chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars (TSS), and protein content also increased, but free amino acid content decreased, suggesting that the distribution of nitrogenous compounds (between amino acids and proteins) and their transformation were influenced by K and Zn supply. Individual applications of K or Zn increased the N, P, K, and Zn contents in damask rose leaves, relative to the control, which increased further with combined applications of K and Zn. Results suggest that foliar application of K and/or Zn could be part of the damask rose fertilization program to provide plants with the optimum level of nutrition for improving the quantity and quality of flowers and essential oil yields.

Novel Methodology for Delivering Putrescine into the Apple Explants Using Hormone Anchored Nanotube

Multi wall carbon nanotubes have been successfully exploited as growth regulator for manipulation of plant development. Also, nanoparticles are gradually involved in target delivery systems as the carrier of hormones. Polyamines and their derivations play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Take the mentioned subjects into consideration, putrescine anchored carbon nanotube which had been labeled with fluorescein was synthetized in this study. A set of physiological and morphological parameters were assessed in an attempt to examine the usage potential of de novo synthetized nanotube in terms of plant in-vitro culture. For this purpose, the nanotube was applied onto the in-vitro plantlets of Malus niedzwetzkyana in three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg/l). Localization of the nanotube in the plantlets was accomplished using fluorescence microscopy. Bio-imaging of tissues indicated the existence of nanotube in nearly all studied organs. Application of the nanotube at both concentrations (50 and 100 mg/l) increased the rate of leaf formation and speeding up the plastochron. Also, proliferation of the plantlets was enhanced using the nanotube. The levels of the photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids increased following application of the nanotube. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly affected by the nanotube. However, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were not influenced by the nanotube. Stomatal density was increased by treatment of the plantlets with the nanotube. Representing geometrical transformation of shape as a thin plate spline revealed that the nanotube effectively increased longitudinally of stomata and changes their aspect ratio.

The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development

Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.

The effectiveness of Ryzoboft and Ryzohumin microbiological preparations use for beans biometric indicators (Faba bona Medic)

The use of biological preparations based on nodule bacteria and complexes containing, except rhizobia, biologically active substances is a cost-effective and environmentally sound element of legumminous cultivation technologies. The study aimed to establish the influence of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with microbiological preparations Ryzoboft and Ryzohumin according to the indicators of growth processes (Faba bona Medic) of Khorostkivskyi variety beans in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted during 2018–2020 in the felds of agrobiolaboratory of Ternopil National University named after Volodymyr Hnatiuk. During the vegetation period, the height of the stem was measured, the number of leaves on the plant was counted, and the raw and dry weight of the aboveground organs and the root system were determined. It was established that microbiological preparations Ryzoboft and Ryzohumin affect the growth processes of beans against the background of spontaneous inoculation by local populations of nodule bacteria. The increase in stem height of the experimental plants in comparison with the control of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Ryzohumin at the beginning of flowering was 13,9 %, during flowering –14,1 %, and in the green bean phase – 9,0 %. Pre-sowing inoculation with Ryzoboft signifcantly increased the height of the bean stalk only in the green bean phase – 11,8 %. During flowering of beans with the use of the Ryzohumin signifcantly increased the number of leaves on the plant – by 25,7 % compared to the control. In the green bean phase, both studied preparations signifcantly influenced the process of leaf formation. There was a signifcant effect on the foliage of plants of the Ryzohumin, compared with Ryzoboft during the study period. Statistically signifcant increase in the indicators of raw and dry mass of aboveground organs of beans in the green bean phase under the influence of Ryzoboft and Ryzohumin was revealed. During flowering in the conditions of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Ryzohumin, a signifcant increase in the raw mass of the root system was found. The obtained results indicate the prospects of further studies of production processes of bean plants under the influence of microbiological preparations Ryzoboft and Ryzohumin. Key words: beans, inoculation, Ryzoboft, Ryzohumin, vegetation period, biometric indicators.

Testing of the ultra-early maturing maize hybrids of French breeding for grain production in the Tomsk region

The current paper has presented the testing results of such ultra-early maturing maize hybrids of French breeding with different FAOs, as ‘Zeta 102’ (FAO – 115), ‘Zeta 140 S’ (FAO – 140), ‘Lazuliya’ (FAO – 170) in 2019 and 2020. The phenological study has shown that at the beginning of the vegetation period the maize leaf area of the hybrid ‘Zeta 102’ increased more intensively and reached its maximum value at the heading stage. At the same time, at the period of the 6th leaf formation, the leaf surface of the later maturing hybrid ‘Lazuliya’ (FAO – 170) formed more intensively. In addition, the maize hybrids with a more elongated FAO formed taller plants, the average plant height of the hybrid ‘Lasuliya’ was significantly higher than that of the two hybrids ‘Zeta’. The hybrid ‘Lasuliya’ also showed higher yield structure and grain yield. The hybrid ‘Lasuliya’ was characterized with not only a larger cob weight compared to other hybrids, but also with a significantly larger number of grains per cob, and, accordingly, a higher grain yield. At the same time, the biological yield of the maize hybrid ‘Zeta 102’ (FAO – 115) turned out to be higher, which may indicate a higher foliage of this hybrid, this is also confirmed by the lowest coefficient of economic efficiency. The results of the tests showed that in the Tomsk region it is preferable to grow the maize hybrid ‘Lasuliya’ for grain, and ‘Zeta 102’ for silage. The tests are going to be continued in other districts of the Tomsk region.