Appearance time, expansion rate and expansion duration for leaves of field-grown maize (Zea mays L.)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Stewart ◽  
L. M. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Appearance Time ◽  
Time Expansion ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Date of appearance and expansion duration of leaves are critical parameters for calculating leaf area of a canopy, which is, in turn, an important component of growth. In this study, a three-line function and a logistic function were both fitted to normalized leaf area data of individual leaves from field-grown plants. Algorithms were developed relating leaf appearance time, expansion rate and expansion duration to growing degree days (GDD) from emergence. Leaf appearance time was a nonlinear function of leaf number. Both leaf expansion rate (RN) and leaf expansion duration (LN) were bell-shaped functions of leaf number (N) with RN skewed toward a lower value and LN skewed toward a higher value of N. These algorithms were used to develop a model of leaf area development detailed in a companion paper. Key words: Temperature, water stress, leaf area

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 3. Appearance and expansion growth of leaves of spinach

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance ◽  
Main Factor

In a series of greenhouse and field trials, spinach cv. Trias plants were supplied with different amounts of N fertilizer in various split applications. Rates of leaf emergence and expansion were recorded, as well as final leaf size. The rate of leaf appearance varied between 0.16 and 0.57/day across experiments, but was hardly affected by N treatment. The rate of leaf expansion and mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values at leaf pair 3+4 or 5+6 and decreasing subsequently. Both characteristics were positively correlated with N supply. The duration of expansion was not influenced by N treatments and varied between 15 and 30 days in most experiments. The rate of leaf expansion was the main factor determining mature leaf size. Specific leaf area over all green leaves slowly decreased with time in most experiments and was around 300 cmsuperscript 2/g. As the differences in the number of leaves were small, the differences in total green leaf area per plant resulted from differences in the areas of individual mature leaves.

Effects of photoperiod on leaf appearance rate and leaf dimensions in winter and spring wheats

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pararajasingham ◽  
L. A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Flag Leaves ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Dimensions ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Research on genotypic variation in the response of leaf-area production and expansion to photoperiod in wheat is limited. Growth-cabinet experiments using four spring and four winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and four photoperiod (8, 12, 16 and 20 h) treatments were thus conducted with the objective of investigating the effect of photoperiod on leaf appearance rate and leaf dimensions. Winter wheats were grown without vernalization. In the spring wheats, flag leaves and spikes were formed under the longer photoperiod (16 and 20 h) treatments, and leaf number increased linearly with time. At the shorter photoperiods, flag leaves and spikes appeared in some cultivars only, and the rate of increase in leaf number decreased in the later stages. Final leaf number was greater at shorter photoperiods. In the winter cultivars, more leaves appeared than in the spring types under the longer photoperiods. For leaves 3–7, leaf number was a linear function of time, with photoperiod and cultivar effects. For one of four spring cultivars, the rate of leaf appearance was greater at 8 h than at 20 h, whereas for three of the winter cultivars the reverse was true. Leaf length increased with leaf number up to at least nodes 5–6 for both spring and winter types but decreased for the later-formed leaves for the spring but not for the winter types. Leaves of plants grown under photoperiods longer than 8 h were longer and broader than those grown under the short photoperiod, and the effect was more pronounced in winter than in spring cultivars. Such genotypic differences in the direct effects of photoperiod on leaf dimensions, which could influence the rates of leaf-area production and dry-matter accumulation under field conditions, emphasize that future studies should incorporate genotypes from different eco-physiological regions and that simulation models of wheat growth and development may need to account for variability in the control of vegetative growth. Key words: Wheat, photoperiod, leaf appearance rate, leaf length, leaf width

scholarly journals Maximum area, expansion rate and duration of summer rape leaves

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Morrison ◽  
D. W. Stewart ◽  
P. B. E. McVetty
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Leaf Expansion Rate

The vegetative development phase in summer rape (Brassica napus) is characterized by the appearance and expansion of leaves. The objectives of this research were to examine the maximum individual leaf area (LAmax), leaf expansion rate (LAX) and leaf area duration (LAD) of individual leaves as influenced by leaf position and ambient air temperature. Westar summer rape was grown from seed to maturity in controlled environment chambers set at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 °C. Plants representing each stage of leaf development were selected at random from the population for leaf area determination. Logistic equations were used to relate the area of individual leaves to Growing Degree Days (GDD). Polynomial regression equations were used to fit curves describing the relationship between LAmax, LAX, LAD and leaf position or air temperature. As the air temperature increased the LAmax increased. LAX increased to a maximum which occurred when LAmax was at its maximum. There were no significant differences for LAX among air temperatures ranging from 13.5 to 22 °C. Mean LAX was 0.21 cm2 GDD−1. There were no significant differences in LAD due to leaf position or air temperature. Mean LAD was 140.1 GDD.Key words: Leaf area, leaf expansion rate, leaf area duration, Brassica napus

Corrigendum - Leaf area development in barley—model construction and response to soil moisture status

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
SP Milroy ◽  
PJ Goyne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

A model to simulate leaf area development for barley at the whole plant level was constructed. Data for leaf area development in the absence of soil water stress were collected from irrigated field trials grown at Hermitage Research Station, near Warwick, Queensland, in 1990. The response of leaf area expansion to soil water status was measured in a glasshouse trial. In the model, green leaf area per plant (GPLA) is derived as the difference between total leaf area produced per plant (TPLA) and senesced leaf area (SPLA). TPLA and SPLA are described by logistic functions of thermal time. Two types of senescence are included: that due to ageing of the whole plant (ontogenetic senescence) and senescence associated with the development of large canopies (light-induced senescence). The onset of ontogenetic senescence is linked to anthesis, whereas light-induced senescence occurs if the leaf area index of the crop exceeds 5.5. Leaf expansion of plants in pots varying in the fraction of transpirable soil water available (FTSW) was compared with leaf expansion of those in well-watered pots three times per week. The relationship between relative leaf expansion (RLE) and FTSW was described by a logistic function (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RLE occurred when FTSW = 0.34. Similarly, a logistic function described the relationship between relative transpiration (RT) and FTSW (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RT occurred when FTSW = 0.17. Potential leaf expansion as predicted by the non-stressed model was reduced in response to moisture stress via a ramp function relating RLE to RT. The model gave an unbiased prediction of the leaf area dynamics for 21 rainfed and irrigated crops of barley grown in southern Queensland between 1986 and 1993 (RMSD = 1.09 m2 m-2, r2 = 0.75, n = 76). Precision may have been reduced by the lack of information available on parameters for soil water balance when barley is grown on a range of soil types.

Leaf area development in barley—model construction and response to soil moisture status

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
SP Milroy ◽  
PJ Goyne
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

A model to simulate leaf area development for barley at the whole plant level was constructed. Data for leaf area development in the absence of soil water stress were collected from irrigated field trials grown at Hermitage Research Station, near Warwick, Queensland, in 1990. The response of leaf area expansion to soil water status was measured in a glasshouse trial. In the model, green leaf area per plant (GPLA) is derived as the difference between total leaf area produced per plant (TPLA) and senesced leaf area (SPLA). TPLA and SPLA are described by logistic functions of thermal time. Two types of senescence are included: that due to ageing of the whole plant (ontogenetic senescence) and senescence associated with the development of large canopies (light-induced senescence). The onset of ontogenetic senescence is linked to anthesis, whereas light-induced senescence occurs if the leaf area index of the crop exceeds 5.5. Leaf expansion of plants in pots varying in the fraction of transpirable soil water available (FTSW) was compared with leaf expansion of those in well-watered pots three times per week. The relationship between relative leaf expansion (RLE) and FTSW was described by a logistic function (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RLE occurred when FTSW = 0.34. Similarly, a logistic function described the relationship between relative transpiration (RT) and FTSW (r2 = 0.96). A 50% reduction in RT occurred when FTSW = 0.17. Potential leaf expansion as predicted by the non-stressed model was reduced in response to moisture stress via a ramp function relating RLE to RT. The model gave an unbiased prediction of the leaf area dynamics for 21 rainfed and irrigated crops of barley grown in southern Queensland between 1986 and 1993 (RMSD = 1.09 m2 m-2, r2 = 0.75, n = 76). Precision may have been reduced by the lack of information available on parameters for soil water balance when barley is grown on a range of soil types.

Integrated responses of rosette organogenesis, morphogenesis and architecture to reduced incident light in Arabidopsis thaliana results in higher efficiency of light interception

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Chenu ◽  
Nicolas Franck ◽  
Jean Dauzat ◽  
Jean-François Barczi ◽  
Hervé Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Expansion Rate ◽  
Initiation Rate ◽  
Leaf Initiation

Plants have a high phenotypic plasticity in response to light. We investigated changes in plant architecture in response to decreased incident light levels in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh, focusing on organogenesis and morphogenesis, and on consequences for the efficiency of light interception of the rosette. A. thaliana ecotype Columbia plants were grown under various levels of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), with blue light (BL) intensity proportional to incident PAR intensity and with a high and stable red to far-red light ratio. We estimated the PAR absorbed by the plant, using data from precise characterisation of the light environment and 3-dimensional simulations of virtual plants generated with AMAPsim software. Decreases in incident PAR modified rosette architecture; leaf area decreased, leaf blades tended to be more circular and petioles were longer and thinner. However, the efficiency of light interception by the rosette was slightly higher in plants subjected to lower PAR intensities, despite the reduction in leaf area. Decreased incident PAR delayed leaf initiation and slowed down relative leaf expansion rate, but increased the duration of leaf expansion. The leaf initiation rate and the relative expansion rate during the first third of leaf development were related to the amount of PAR absorbed. The duration of leaf expansion was related to PAR intensity. The relationships identified could be used to analyse the phenotypic plasticity of various genotypes of Arabidopsis. Overall, decreases in incident PAR result in an increase in the efficiency of light interception.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 2. Appearance, expansion growth and life span of leaves of leek plants

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Biemond
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Mature Leaf ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Leaf Appearance

In greenhouse pot experiments and field trials, leek cv. Albana plants were supplied with different amounts of N fertilizer at various growth stages. Leaf emergence, expansion, size and senescence were monitored. The rate of leaf appearance was not affected by N treatments and almost constant across experiments at 0.15/day. The rate of leaf expansion and the mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values between leaf numbers 11 and 14 and decreasing with higher leaf numbers. Both variables increased with increasing N application rate. The duration of leaf expansion was more or less constant across leaf numbers and not influenced by N treatments; the leaf expansion rate was the main factor determining mature leaf area. The rate of leaf senescence was not influenced by N treatments. Differences in total green leaf area per plant were caused by differences in the area of individual mature leaves and not by differences in the number of leaves. The specific leaf area of all leaves was more or less constant at 100 cmsuperscript 2/g.

scholarly journals Relationship between Vessel Formation and Seasonal Changes in Leaf Area of Evergreen and Deciduous Species with Different Vessel Arrangements

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Sayaka Takahashi ◽  
Erina Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Life Strategies ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Vessel Formation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Diffuse Porous

To discuss the diversity of morphological traits and life strategies of trees, the functional relationship between leaf expansion and vessel formation must be clarified. We compared the temporal relationship among tree species with different leaf habits and vessel arrangements. Twigs, leaves, and trunk core samples were periodically acquired from 35 sample trees of nine species in a temperate forest in Japan. We quantitatively estimated leaf expansion using a nonlinear regression model and observed thin sections of twigs and trunks with a light microscope. Almost all of the first-formed vessels in twigs, which formed adjacent to the annual ring border, were lignified with a leaf area between 0% and 70% of the maximum in all species. The first-formed vessels in trunks lignified between 0% and 95% of the maximum leaf area in ring-porous deciduous Quercus serrata and ring-(radial-)porous evergreen Castanopsis cuspidate. Their lignification occurred earlier than in diffuse-porous deciduous Liquidambar styraciflua, diffuse-porous evergreen Cinnamomum camphora and Symplocos prunifolia, and radial-porous evergreen Quercus glauca and Quercus myrsinifolia. The timing varied in semi-ring-porous deciduous Acanthopanax sciadophylloides and diffuse-porous evergreen Ilex pedunculosa. The observed differences in the timing of vessel formation after leaf appearance were reflected in their differing vessel porosities and were connected to the different life strategies among tree species.

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