scholarly journals Secondary Somatic Embryogenesis in Centaurium erythraea Rafn

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Milica D. Bogdanović ◽  
Katarina B. Ćuković ◽  
Angelina R. Subotić ◽  
Milan B. Dragićević ◽  
Ana D. Simonović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Cells ◽  
Endangered Medicinal Plant ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Centaurium Erythraea

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a developmental process during which plant somatic cells, under suitable conditions, produce embryogenic cells that develop into somatic embryos (se). SE is the most important method for plant propagation in vitro, having both fundamental and applicative significance. SE can be induced from different tissues and organs, but when se are used as explants, the process is recognized as secondary or cyclic SE. We induced secondary SE in Centaurium erythraea by application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU). A medium containing 0.1 mgL−1 2,4-D and 0.25 mgL−1 CPPU was optimal in terms of the number of primary SE explants forming se, the number of well-developed se per explant, and morphological appearance of the obtained se. These concentrations allowed SE to progress through three cycles, whereas at higher concentrations of 0.2 mgL−1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgL−1 CPPU, only two cycles were achieved. Histological analysis revealed that secondary se are formed both directly and indirectly. Secondary SE readily germinated and converted into plantlets. Induction of cyclic SE contributes to the conservation efforts of this endangered medicinal plant and expands the spectrum of in vitro developmental pathways described in centaury—an emerging model in developmental biology.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis in Magnolia dealbata Zucc. (Magnoliaceae), an Endangered, Endemic Mexican Species

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1325-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Mata-Rosas ◽  
Ángel Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Victor M. Chávez-Avila
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Direct Organogenesis ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Magnolia Dealbata

Plants of Magnolia dealbata were regenerated from zygotic embryos through somatic embryogenesis and direct organogenesis. Medium and incubation conditions were determinating factors for the development of morphogenetic responses. Photoperiodic exposure was a limiting factor in the general development of the explants, and incubation in darkness allowed their development. The highest formation of shoots per responding explant were obtained on woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with 13.3 μM or 22.2 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in combination with 2.26 μM or in absence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from which 2.5 shoots per explant were induced. Subcultures on WP medium, supplemented with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PUP) 40,000 1 g·L–1) avoided necrosis of explants. Somatic embryos were formed in 85% of explants cultivated on WP medium with 2,4-D (2.3 μM or 4.5 μM); 20% induced indirect embryogenesis and 65% formed direct somatic embryogenesis. The plants were transferred to soil to acclimatize under greenhouse conditions, achieving 90% survival. Somatic embryo conversion to plantlets was obtained with subculture on WP basal medium without growth regulators. In vitro culture can play a key role in the propagation and conservation of this endangered species.

Influence of auxins on somatic embryogenesis and alkaloid accumulation in Leucojum aestivum callus

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Ptak ◽  
Anna Tahchy ◽  
Edyta Skrzypek ◽  
Tomasz Wójtowicz ◽  
Dominique Laurain-Mattar
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryo ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Leucojum Aestivum ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Response

AbstractIn vitro cultures of Leucojum aestivum are considered as an alternative for the production of galanthamine, which is used for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. We studied the effects of auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) at concentrations of 25 and 50 µM on the induction of embryogenic callus and its capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis and alkaloid accumulation. The embryogenic response of the explants was from 30% for 25 µM of dicamba to 100% for picloram (for both 25 and 50 µM). 2,4-D (50 µM) stimulated greater callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction as compared to the other auxins. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stimulated somatic embryo maturation. Callus grown on media containing 50 µM of auxins produced fewer phenolic compounds as compared with callus grown on media containing 25 µM of auxins. GC-MS analyses showed seven alkaloids in the in vivo bulbs and two to four in callus culture. Galanthamine was detected in callus cultivated with 2,4-D (25, 50 µM), picloram (25 µM), and dicamba (50 µM). Other alkaloids, trisphaeridine, tazettine, and 11-hydroxyvittatine were accumulated only in callus growing on medium with picloram (50 µM).

scholarly journals Somatic embryogenesis of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Toni Herawan ◽  
Mohammad Na'iem ◽  
Sapto Indrioko ◽  
Ari Indrianto
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
The Media ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Santalum Album L

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is native species of Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara, is oneof the twenty two species of the genus Santalum in the world. Sandalwood is an important tree because it hashigh economic value can produce sandal oil these can be used for perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, andare often used in religious ceremonies. In vitro particularly somatic embryogenesis has been widely appliedin the propagation of sandalwood. The Objective of this research is to obtain regeneration of sandalwoodthrough somatic embryogenesis using leaves explant from various clones. Medium for embryo induction is MS(Murashige and Skoog, 1962) solid medium containing treatment of 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)at various concentrations. To the media 0,15 mg /l kinetin, 40 g/l sucrose, and 2,5 g/l gelrite were added.Culture were incubated in the dark. Medium for Embryo development (maturation) is MS solid mediumcontaining treatment of BAP (Benzyl-amino-purine) at various concentrations. To the media 0,01 mg /l NAA(Napthalene-acetic-acid), 40 g/l sucrose, and 2,5 g/l gelrite were added. Culture were incubated in the light. Tostudy the specifi c structure of sandalwood somatic embryo early detection was conducted using histologicalanalysis. Results of anova showed that the clones, media, and interaction between clones with media did notsignifi cantly affect the development of sandalwood callus percentage. Results of anova showed that the clonesand BAP concentration signifi cantly effect to the embryo development of sandalwood.

scholarly journals Protocol optimization and histological analysis of in vitro plant regeneration of RB92579 and RB93509 sugarcane cultivars

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberson Dibax ◽  
Giovana Bomfim de Alcantara ◽  
Marília Pereira Machado ◽  
João Carlos Bespalhok Filho ◽  
Ricardo Augusto de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
In Vitro Plant Regeneration ◽  
Indirect Organogenesis ◽  
Shoot Induction Medium ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

The objectives of this study were to establish appropriate conditions for obtaining plant regeneration and acclimatization of the 'RB92579' and 'RB93509' sugarcane cultivars and to elucidate the shoots origin through histological analysis. For both cultivars, obtaining shoots showed better results with the culture of explants on a callus induction medium containing 2.0mg L-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, followed by cultivation on a shoot induction medium containing 0.1mg L-1 kinetin and 0.2mg L-1 benzilaminopurine. The MS medium without growth regulators proved to be appropriate for elongation and rooting of shoots and the use of the composed substrate of vermiculite + MS salts was effective for acclimatization. Histological analysis revealed that the origin of the shoots in both cultivars occurred through indirect organogenesis.

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Viola canescens Wall. Ex. Roxb.: An Endangered Himalayan Herb

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar Khajuria ◽  
Christophe Hano ◽  
Narendra Singh Bisht
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Root Axis ◽  
Somatic Embryo Induction

Viola canescens Wall. ex. Roxb. is an important but threatened medicinal herb found at 1500–2400 m above mean sea level in the Himalayas. Overexploitation and habitat preference have put the plant under serious threat. Thus, the present study was undertaken to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation via somatic embryogenesis. The results revealed that plant can be regenerated successfully through somatic embryogenesis using leaf derived calli. Regular subculturing of calli on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)/indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)/kinetin (Kn) and varying combinations of 2,4-D+Kn induced somatic embryogenesis. The maximum average number of somatic embryos (SE) (19.15 ± 2.66) was induced on the medium with 0.15 + 0.05 mg L−1 of 2,4-D and Kn, respectively, and this medium was used as a control. To enhance somatic embryo induction, the control MS medium was supplemented with l-glutamine (200–400 mg L−1) and casein hydrolysate (1–4%). The maximum average number of SE (27.66 ± 2.67) and average mature SE (13.16 ± 3.48) were recorded on the medium having 2 % l-glutamine and 50 mg L−1 casein hydrolysate. The induced SE were asynchronous, so, to foster their maturation, the culture medium (free from growth regulators) was supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). The maximum average number (35.96 ± 3.68) of mature SE was noticed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 ABA. Mature embryos had two well-developed cotyledons and an elongated hypocotyl root axis. The development of SE into plantlets was significant for embryos matured on the medium with AgNO3 and ABA, with 86.67% and 83.33% conversion on the medium with 0.20 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The plantlets thus produced acclimatized in a growth chamber before being transferred to the field, which showed 89.89% survival. The plants were morphologically similar to the mother plant with successful flowering.

Somatic embryogenesis in butternut, Juglanscinerea

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula M. Pijut
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cotyledonary Explants ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Free Media

Immature cotyledonary explants excised from developing fruits of Juglanscinerea L. were cultured in vitro to induce regeneration of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were initiated directly on cotyledons collected 9 weeks postanthesis and cultured on a Driver and Kuniyuki medium supplemented with 250 mg/L L-glutamine, 0.01 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid, 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine, and 2 mg/L kinetin for 3 weeks, prior to transfer to hormone-free Driverand Kuniyuki medium. Embryogenic callus was initiated on explants collected 8–11 weeks postanthesis and cultured on two different media formulations containing 0.25 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for 3 weeks, prior to transfer to hormone-free media. Globular to mature somatic embryos were differentiated, and conversion of somatic embryos into whole plants was incomplete. Competence of embryogenic callus was maintained for 1 year with regular subculturing on hormone-free media.

scholarly journals EMBRIOGENESIS SOMATIK IN VITRO DAN REGENERASI PLANLET DARI TIGA VARIETAS ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Sulastri Sulastri ◽  
Winda Nawfetrias ◽  
Djatmiko Pinardi ◽  
Henti Rosdayanti
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Plantlet Regeneration ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Embryogenic Callus Induction ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

In Vitro Somatic Embryogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration of Three Varieties of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)ABSTRACTAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a valuable plant as a source of food for animal, forage, pharmaceutical, medicine, food supplement, and human consumption.  In vitro selection technology combined with induction or spontaneous mutagenesis has been effective in altering or isolating genetic variability for desirable characters.  Consequently, a reproducible in vitro propagation technique of that plant is mandatory. The aim of the research was to obtain information on the embryogenic callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, and plantlet regeneration of three varieties of alfalfa. The results showed that an optimum embryogenic callus induction (82%) was obtained on Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 2 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2 ppm kinetin and 2 ppm a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Those embryogenic calli could subsequently develop into somatic embryos, which germinated and regenerated into normal plantlets on R1 medium consisting of MS nutrients without the addition of plant growth regulator.Keywords: alfalfa, callus, embryogenic, plantlets, regeneration ABSTRAKAlfalfa (Medicago sativa) adalah tanaman berharga sebagai sumber makanan untuk hewan, yaitu hijauan pakan ternak, farmasi, obat-obatan, suplemen makanan dan konsumsi manusia. Teknologi seleksi in vitro yang dikombinasikan dengan induksi atau mutagenesis spontan telah terbukti efektif dalam mengubah atau mengisolasi variabilitas genetik untuk karakter yang diinginkan. Oleh sebab itu, keberhasilan teknik perbanyakan in vitro yang telah terbukti dapat direproduksi dari tanaman tersebut menjadi syarat yang harus terpenuhi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai induksi kalus embriogenik, embriogenesis somatik dan regenerasi planlet dari tiga varietas alfalfa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa induksi kalus embriogenik optimal (82%) didapat pada media Murashige & Skoog (MS) dengan  2 ppm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2 ppm kinetin dan 2 ppm a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Kalus embriogenik tersebut dapat membentuk embrio somatik, embrionya berkecambah dan beregenerasi membentuk planlet normal pada perlakuan media R1 yaitu nutrisi MS tanpa penambahan zat pengatur tumbuh.Kata Kunci: alfalfa, embriogenik, kalus, planlet, regenerasi

scholarly journals Induction of Cocoa Natural Resistancy to Cocoa Pod Borer by Silica Application

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketut Anom Wijaya ◽  
Adi Prawoto ◽  
Syrril Ihromi
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) like most tropical trees is recalcitrant in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis is generally efficient micropropagation technique to multiply elite material. However, Somatic embryogenesis in cocoa is difficult and this species is considered as recalcitrant. One of the factors often considered as a component of in vitro recalsitrance is a high phenolic content and oxidation of these compounds. In cocoa tissue culture accumulate large amounts of poliphenolics compounds which probably impair further development. This study was conducted to investigate the composition of phenolic compounds in cocoa flower and leaves, and their changes troughout the somatic embryogenesis process. Calli were induced in cacao floral and leaves explants on a half-strenght Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g/L Glucose and combination of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) with kinetin (kin). Total polyphenol content was observed on Sulawesi 1 cocoa clone. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were also compared. The percentage of callus production from flower tissue is 85%, percentage of embryogenic callus 40 %, although  the percentage of somatic embryo production from embryogenic callus callus is 70%. The conservation of callus into somatic embryos followed by decline in phenol content and an increase in peroxidase. The synthesis kinetics for these compounds in calli, under different somatic embryogenesis conditions, revealed a higher concentration under non-embryogenic conditions. So that, phenolic compound can influence the production of calli and an absence the phenolic compound can enhance production of somatic embryo.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., polifenol, embrio somatik, kalus, flavonoid, katekin, in vitro recalcitance

scholarly journals Ontogenesis of the Somatic Embryogenesis of Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Santana-Buzzy ◽  
Guadalupe López-Puc ◽  
Adriana Canto-Flick ◽  
Felipe Barredo-Pool ◽  
Eduardo Balam-Uc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Habanero Pepper ◽  
Plastic Resin ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

The ontogenesis of direct high-frequency somatic embryogenesis of C. chinense induced from hypocotyl was characterized through a histological analysis of the different phases in the histodifferentiation process during the development of the somatic embryo. The anatomical analysis was carried out since the hypocotyl segments were placed in the culture medium until 45 days of culture. The somatic embryos were induced and maintained in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (9.5 μm). Samples of tissues and organs were taken every 24 h, fixed in formalin acetic alcohol, and embedded in plastic resin. They were cut into serial sections (5 μm) and stained with toluidine blue. The analysis revealed that the proembryogenic cells originated just from provascular hypocotyl cells. Provascular cells acquired the embryogenic competence 48 h after induction and an intense mitotic division was observed and embryogenic structures were generated first along the vascular strands, which subsequently evolved into somatic embryos. After 2 weeks, there were observed embryos at different stages of development (preglobular, globular, heart-shaped, torpedo-shaped, and cotyledonary). This is the first report dealing with the ontogenesis of the direct somatic embryogenesis of C. chinense, and it is the most complete histological characterization carried out on somatic embryogenesis in the Capsicum genus to date.

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