scholarly journals Soil Properties and Weed Dynamics in Wheat as Affected by Rice Residue Management in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System in South Asia: A Review

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Ramanpreet Kaur ◽  
Simerjeet Kaur ◽  
Jasdev Singh Deol ◽  
Rajni Sharma ◽  
Tarundeep Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Dynamics ◽  
Residue Retention

The rice–wheat cropping system (RWCS) has substantially contributed in making India self-sufficient in food grain production; however, rice residue management is of great concern, threatening the sustainability of this system. Rice residue is invariably disposed of by farmers through open burning. In addition to environmental pollution, residue burning of rice also leads to loss of soil nutrients. One of the alternatives to overcome these problems and sustain the RWCS is managing the rice residues in the field itself. Rice residue retention has variable effects on agricultural pests (namely, weeds, insect pests, diseases, and rodents) in the RWCS. High weed infestation in the RWCS results in high consumption of herbicides, which leads to several ecological problems and evolution of herbicide resistance. The shift from intensive tillage to conservation tillage causes major changes in weed dynamics and herbicide efficacy. Incorporation of rice residue reduces weed density and helps in improving soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Rice residue retention on the surface or mulching reduces weed density and the biomass of both grass and broadleaf weeds in wheat crop as compared to its removal. Long-term field studies involving the use of rice residue as a component of integrated weed management strategies are needed to be done in the RWCS.

scholarly journals Crop Residues Management with Different Crop Establishment Methods in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)–Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping System

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Raghubar Sahu ◽  
S. K. Mandal ◽  
K. Sharda ◽  
D. Kumar ◽  
Jubuli Sahu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Residue Retention

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif and rabi seasons of 2015 and 2016 at farmer’s field of Banka District as an On Farm Trial to study the crop residues management with different crop establishment methods in rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. Treatment comprised two levels of crop residue management ie. residue removal and residue retention (33%) and three levels of crop establishment methods ie. (a) conventional puddled transplanted rice fb conventional-till wheat (PTR-CTW), two times ploughing with cultivator followed by two times puddling and one planking was done before the manual transplanting of 21 days old seedling at 20 cm spacing from row to row. After rice harvesting, wheat was sown by broadcasting in conventional tillage plots with two times harrowing with cultivator followed by one planking; (b) unpuddled transplanted rice fb zero-till wheat (UPTR-ZTW): two times ploughing with cultivator followed by planking, after that water is submerged for transplanting and wet tillage was avoided. 21 days old rice seedlings were transplanted at a spacing of 20 x 15 cm. Wheat crop was sown under ZT using zero tillage machines; (c) zero-till direct-seeded rice fb zero-till wheat (ZTDSR-ZTW): direct-seeding of rice was done using zero-till seed-cum-fertilizer drill in ZT-flat plots at 20 cm row spacing. Wheat crop was sown in zero tillage using zero till machine. Rice variety (Rajendra Sweta) was sown directly by zero till in ZTDSR-ZT plots in the first fortnight of June. On the same date, rice seedlings for transplanting were raised in nursery by ‘Wet bed method’. Experiment was conducted in a split plot design which is replicated by thrice. Grain/panicle or spike, panicle or ear length and effective tillers/m2 recorded more in residue retention treatment and it was registered significantly superior with residue removal treatment under crop residue management in rice and wheat crop during both the years of experiment. Amongst crop establishment method, ZTDSR-ZTW was recorded more Grain/panicle or spike, panicle or ear length and effective tillers/m2 and it was significantly superior with UPTR-ZTW and PTR-CTW treatments under crop establishment methods in rice and wheat crop during both the years of experiment. Residues retention (33%) significantly improved the grain yield of both the component crops. For rice crop, 8.2–10.0% higher grain yield was realized with retention of crop residues. Grain and straw yield of rice were registered more in ZTDSR-ZTW (3.86-3.99 t/ha) & (5.56-5.75 t/ha) closely followed by UPTR-ZTW (4.38-4.45 t/ha). Concerning the data of residue management on economics revealed that the residue retention was recorded more gross return, net return as well as B: C ratio followed by residue removal treatment in both years of experimentation for rice and wheat crop and ZTDSR-ZTW was recorded more gross return, net return as well as B: C ratio followed by UPTR-ZTW and PTR-CTW treatments under crop establishment methods in rice and wheat crop during both the years of experiment.

scholarly journals Effect of Tillage, Residue Management and Cropping System on the Properties of Soil

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibek Thapa ◽  
Keshab Raj Pande ◽  
Baburam Khanal ◽  
Santosh Marahatta
Keyword(s):  
Cropping System ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Residue Retention

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage practices, residue management and cropping system on soil properties at NMRP, Rampur, Chitwan from November 2015 to April 2016. The experiment was laid on Strip split design with combination of 12 different treatments i.e, zero tillage & conventional tillage as main plot in the strip, residue retention & residue removal as sub-plot factor and maize – wheat, maize + soybean – wheat & soybean – wheat cropping system as sub-sub plot factor. Three replications of the treatments were made. Soil sample before experiment and after harvest of wheat was taken (0-15cm). The experiment showed significant effect of zero tillage on organic carbon (2.169%) and on total soil nitrogen (0.112 %). Zero tillage with retention of residues is valuable tool for the conservation agriculture and helps in sustainability of soil however long-term research for the tillage management and residue retention should be conducted to highlight the major effects on change in properties of soil.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(2): 164-168 

scholarly journals Tillage, Crop Rotation and Crop Residue Management Effects on Nutrient Availability in a Sweet Sorghum-Based Cropping System in Marginal Soils of South Africa

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashapa E. Malobane ◽  
Adornis D. Nciizah ◽  
Fhatuwani N. Mudau ◽  
Isaiah I.C Wakindiki
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Crop Residue Management ◽  
No Till ◽  
Marginal Soils ◽  
Residue Retention

The low soil fertility status of South African marginal soils threatens sustainable production of biofuel feedstock in smallholder farmers. It is therefore imperative to development sustainable and optimal management practices that improve soil fertility. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tillage, rotation and crop residue management on nutrient availability in a bioenergy sweet sorghum-based cropping system in marginal soils. Two tillage levels, no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT); two crop rotations, sweet sorghum–grazing vetch–sweet sorghum (SVS) and sweet sorghum–fallow–sweet sorghum (SFS); and three crop residue retention levels, 0%, 15% and 30%, were tested. No-till enhanced total nitrogen, total organic nitrogen (TON), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) by 3.19% to 45% compared to CT. SVS rotation increased ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3−-N) by 3.42% to 5.98% compared to SFS. A 30% crop residue retention increased NH4+-N, NO3−-N, available phosphorus (Available P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), calcium (Ca), Mg and potassium (K) by 3.58% to 31.94% compared to crop residue removal. In the short term, a 30% crop residue retention was the main treatment that enhanced soil fertility. The application of NT−30% was a better practice to enhance soil fertility. However, research on inclusion of crop diversity/intercropping can add more value to the NT–30% practice in enhancing soil fertility.

Influence of annual forages on weed dynamics in a cropping system

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Schoofs ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Weed Dynamics

Alternatives to herbicides are needed for weed control. Field studies were conducted in 1994/1995 and 1995/1996 to investigate the nature of forage crop-weed dynamics and to test the effect of single year forage crops on the density and community composition of annual weeds in a following field pea (Pisium sativum L.) test crop. Five spring-seeded forage treatments were compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain crops (with or without herbicides for grassy and broadleaved weeds): winter triticale (Triticosecale) (simulation grazed); spring triticale (silage); spring/winter triticale intercrop (silage, then simulation grazed); alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (hay); sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench × Sorghum sudanese [Piper]) (hay); and a weedy fallow (silage). A fall rye (Secale cereale L.) grain crop and a sweet clover (Melilotis officinalis L.)/winter triticale double crop (hay, then simulation grazing) were included in the 1995/1996 trial. All forage systems were at least as effective as the sprayed wheat control in suppressing wild oat (Avena fatua L.); however, effects on other weeds, especially broadleaved species, were variable. Biennial crops provided the best early season weed control, while long-season systems such winter triticale and the triticale intercrop provided the best late season weed control. Forages shifted the weed community composition away from wild oat and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) to a similar or greater extent than herbicide-treated wheat. Forage systems that did not provide season-long crop competition tended to have more broadleaved weeds. Some forage systems increased pea grain yield the following year (relative to the sprayed wheat control); however, forages alone did not eliminate the need for herbicides in the pea crop. Annual forages may play an important role in integrated weed management, especially for wild oat, however further research to refine forage-based weed management systems is needed. Key words: Integrated weed management, alfalfa, intercropping, double cropping, organic farming

scholarly journals Impact of Tillage and Crop Residue Management on the Weed Community and Wheat Yield in a Wheat–Maize Double Cropping System

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Lan-Fang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
No Till ◽  
Crop Residue Removal ◽  
Residue Retention

Weeds are often harmful to crop growth due to the competition for space and resources. A field experiment containing four treatments with three replications in a complete randomized design was conducted at Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2008 to assess the impact of shifting from conventional tillage to no-till with crop residue management on weeds and wheat production at the North China Plain. We found that both aboveground weed density and species richness were higher under continuous no-till (NT) than conventional tillage (CT) in the regrowth and stem elongation stage of wheat growth. On the other hand, aboveground weed density in the stage of flowering and filling decreased with crop residue mulching. The density of the soil seed bank in crop residue removal treatments was significantly higher than that of crop residue retention. Besides, either crop residue mulching or incorporating into the soil significantly increased the wheat yield compared with crop residue removal regardless of tillage management. In conclusion, crop residue retention could decrease the weed density and species richness both aboveground and in the soil seed bank and inhibit the growth of broadleaf weeds by the residue layer. Moreover, crop residue retention could improve the wheat yield.

scholarly journals Effect of residue retention, tillage options and timing of N application in rice-wheat cropping system

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Tripathi ◽  
S Chander ◽  
RP Meena
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
N Application ◽  
Residue Retention

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal (Haryana) during 2007-08 to 2009-10 with the objective to compare the whole basal and split application of nitrogen under different residue management and tillage options in rice-wheat cropping system. Combined analysis of data revealed that puddled transplanted rice produced maximum rice grain yield, straw yield, thousand grain weight and grains /panicle. Rice yield under zero tillage was decreased to the tune of 27.8% (with residue), 33.9% (without residue) and 45.3% (under permanent bed planting) as compared to puddled transplanted condition. Split application of nitrogen increased the rice grain yield to the extent of 4.7% with residue, 8.0% without residue and 10.2% under puddled transplanted condition as compared to whole basal N application. Pooled analysis under zero tillage condition, retention of rice residue enhanced the wheat grain yield 21.3% at zero N, 8.3% at 150 N (whole basal) and 5.4% at 150 N (three split) applications. Application of nitrogen in three split doses increased the wheat grain yield up to 9.6% without residue retention and 6.7% with rice residue retention condition as compared to whole basal N application. In nut shell, it can be said that adoption of zero tillage, residue retention and whole basal N application did not work well for rice whereas it was better for wheat in rice-wheat system.SAARC J. Agri., 13(1): 37-49 (2015)

scholarly journals Productivity and soil attributes as influenced by resource conservation technologies under rice- wheat system in Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Sah ◽  
SC Shah ◽  
SK Sah ◽  
RB Thapa ◽  
A McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Residue Retention

Rice-wheat system provides food, income, and employment to over 83 % of the people and contributes to national food security in Nepal. Sustainability of the system is under threat because of increasing cultivation cost and declining soil fertility. On-farm experiments were carried out to determine the effects of tillage and crop establishment methods, crop residue management, and nitrogen levels that affect soil attributes and productivity of the rice-wheat system during 2010- 2011at Bara, Nepal. The treatment consisted of three tillage and crop establishment methods viz. Conventional tillage (CT), Permanent bed planting (PB), and Zero-tillage (ZT); two residue management levels viz. Residue retention and Residue removal; and three nitrogen levels viz. Zero nitrogen, farmer’s dose (80 and 100 kgha-1 N for rice and wheat, respectively), and abundant nitrogen (120 kgha-1 N for both rice and wheat crop). The experiments were laid out in strip-split plot design with three replications. The research results revealed that rice grain yield was significantly higher in the plots receiving N level as applied by farmers that was similar to abundant nitrogen dose. Wheat grain yield was significantly higher with zero tillage compared to permanent bed planting and conventional tillage. Significantly higher wheat grain yield was also obtained due to abundant nitrogen dose than zero dose nitrogen which was similar to farmers’ dose of N as well. There was no significant difference in grain yield of rice and wheat due to residue retention, although, it improved soil moisture. In wheat crop, zero-till planting and increased nitrogen application conserved soil moisture, enhanced soil electrical conductivity and lowered soil temperature. It can be concluded that rice and wheat can be grown successfully with zero tillage and farmer’s nitrogen dose without any yield penalty. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 64-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9007

scholarly journals Performance of zero-till wheat (Triticum aestvium L.) with residue and weed management techniques under rice-wheat cropping system

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
U. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Residue Retention

An experiment was conducted during at Varanasi to find out the effect of residue management with Trichoderma application and weed management practices (W1- - Control, W2 -Hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAS, W3 - Isoproturon + 2,4-D (1.0 + 0.5 kg ha-1) at 30 DAS, W4 - Fenoxaprop 120 g ha-1 fb Metsulfuron 4 g ha-1 ) on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat(Triticum aestvium L.) with weed density, WCE and net returns. The residue retention with Trichoderma application produced significantly higher crop growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield as compared to residue retention alone and residue removal. Among the weedicide option fenoxaprop fb metsulfuron treatment was found most effective in controlling weed population and produced significantly higher grain (3355.06 and 3722.27 kg-1 ha) and straw yields (5050.23 and 5332.77 kg-1 ha) and higher weed control efficiency (74.19 and 75.07 %). Out of herbicides, Isoproturon + 2, 4-D gave the highest net return as compared to fenoxaprop fb metsulfuron followed by hand weeding twice.

scholarly journals Performance of zero-till wheat (Triticum aestvium L.) with residue and weed management techniques under rice-wheat cropping system

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar ◽  
U. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Residue Retention

An experiment was conducted during at Varanasi to find out the effect of residue management with Trichoderma application and weed management practices (W1- - Control, W2 -Hand weeding at 30 and 45 DAS, W3 - Isoproturon + 2,4-D (1.0 + 0.5 kg ha-1) at 30 DAS, W4 - Fenoxaprop 120 g ha-1 fb Metsulfuron 4 g ha-1 ) on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat(Triticum aestvium L.) with weed density, WCE and net returns. The residue retention with Trichoderma application produced significantly higher crop growth, yield attributes, grain and straw yield as compared to residue retention alone and residue removal. Among the weedicide option fenoxaprop fb metsulfuron treatment was found most effective in controlling weed population and produced significantly higher grain (3355.06 and 3722.27 kg-1 ha) and straw yields (5050.23 and 5332.77 kg-1 ha) and higher weed control efficiency (74.19 and 75.07 %). Out of herbicides, Isoproturon + 2, 4-D gave the highest net return as compared to fenoxaprop fb metsulfuron followed by hand weeding twice.

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